MSK pain patients with clinical insomnia (n=120) | MSK pain patients with no clinical insomnia (n=63) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | P value* | |
Anxiety and depression, mean (SD) | |||||
HADS-A (0–21) | 7.9 (4.2) | 3.9 (2.8) | 4.1 (2.9–5.2) | 1.12 | <0.0001 |
HADS-D (0–21) | 5.0 (3.6) | 1.8 (1.9) | 3.2 (2.3–4.2) | 1.11 | <0.0001 |
↵*Statistically significant values are highlighted in bold. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine p values.
HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; MSK, musculoskeletal.