Child sleep-related outcomes
| Sleep outcome | Melatonin(n=13) | Non-pharmacological (n=26) | All studies (n=39) | |||
| Number of studies (%) | Studies measuring outcome | Number of studies (%) | Studies measuring outcome | Number of studies (%) | ||
| Global measures | Total sleep time | 12 (92) | 13–23 25 | 11 (42) | 26–33 35 38 39 | 23 (59) |
| Sleep efficiency | 5 (38) | 13 14 16–18 | 5 (19) | 26–28 38 39 | 10 (26) | |
| Longest sleep episode | 1 (8) | 14 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Changes in sleep pattern | 1 (8) | 24 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| CSHQ | 1 (8) | 17 | 15 (58) | 3 36 27 29 35 38 3941 42 62 63 67 | 16 (41) | |
| SBQ | 1 (8) | 16 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Parent-set child sleep goals | 0 (0) | 4 (15) | 3 a, b, c, d | 4 (10) | ||
| Composite Sleep Index (from modified version of Simonds and Parraga Sleep Questionnaire) | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | 26 30 38 | 3 (8) | ||
| Goal Attainment Scale | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 33 62 | 2 (5) | ||
| Change in goal attainment rating | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 3 | 1 (3) | ||
| Sleep problems over past 4 weeks | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 27 | 1 (3) | ||
| Family Inventory of Sleep Habits | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | 29 39 42 | 3 (8) | ||
| Composite Sleep Disturbance Score | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 61 | 1 (3) | ||
| Sleep quality (visual analogue scale) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 31 | 1 (3) | ||
| Sleep improvement – child and parent rating scale | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 38 | 1 (3) | ||
| Quality of sleep—child smiley face rating | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 38 | 1 (3) | ||
| Quality of sleep—Likert rating scale | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 66 | 1 (3) | ||
| Sleep initiation | Sleep onset latency | 11 (85) | 13–19 21–23 25 | 10 (39) | 26 28 29 31 33 35 36 38 39 60 | 21 (54) |
| Bedtime | 2 (15) | 16 17 | 1 (4) | 29 | 3 (8) | |
| Sleep onset | 2 (15) | 18 19 | 1 (4) | 37 | 3 (8) | |
| Bedtime resistance | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 36 | 1 (3) | ||
| Bedtime routine | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 36 | 1 (3) | ||
| Number of pre-sleep disturbances | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 33 | 1 (3) | ||
| Falling asleep in own bed | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 33 | 1 (3) | ||
| Difficulty falling asleep (single item Likert scale) | 1 (8) | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Severity of bedtime settling problems (Behaviour Screening Questionnaire) | 1 (4) | 65 | 1 (3) | |||
| Time to settle at night | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 33 65 | 2 (5) | ||
| Sleep maintenance | Night awakenings | 6 (46) | 14 19 20 22 23 25 | 5 (19) | 33 35 36 38 64 | 11 (28) |
| Number of nights without waking | 1 (8) | 20 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Wake time | 2 (15) | 16 18 | 2 (8) | 36 37 | 4 (10) | |
| Time spent moving during sleep period | 1 (15) | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Co-sleeping | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 33 36 | 2 (5) | ||
| Number of nights not sleeping in own bed | 1 (4) | 65 | 1 (3) | |||
| Wake After Sleep Onset | 2 (15) | 16 17 | 4 (15) | 27–29 39 | 6 (15) | |
| Severity of sleep problem (VAS) (incorporating disturbed sleep) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 60 | 1 (3) | ||
| Movement during sleep | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 30 | 1 (3) | ||
| Movement index | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 30 | 1 (3) | ||
| Fragmentation index | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 30 | 1 (3) | ||
| Time spent awake during night | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | 31 38 65 | 3 (8) | ||
| Proportion of nights with >1 wakening | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 38 | 1 (3) | ||
| Parent/caregiver reported ‘no’ or ‘mild’ sleep problems | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 41 | 1 (2.6) | ||
| Longest wake and sleep periods during 24 hours cycle | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 32 | 1 (3) | ||
| Time of night wakes and return to sleep | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 37 | 1 (3) | ||
| Hours of disturbed sleep | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 37 | 1 (3) | ||
| Sleep Disturbance Index | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 36 | 1 (3) | ||
| Sleep scheduling | Naptime | 1 (8) | 17 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | |
| Napping | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 36 | 1 (3) | ||
| Distribution of sleep bouts during 24 hours cycle | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 32 | 1 (3) | ||
| Degree of fatigue during the day—Likert rating scale | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 66 | 1 (3) | ||
| Interdaily stability | 1 (8) | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Other | Interdaily variability | 1 (8) | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | |
| L5 | 1 (8) | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Arousal Index (AASM) | 1 (8) | 16 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
| Percentage of time in each sleep stage | 1 (8) | 16 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | ||
a, intervention 1; AASM Arousal Index; b, intervention 2; c, intervention 3; CSHQ Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire; d, intervention 4; SBQ Sleep Behaviour Questionnaire; VAS Visual Analogue Scale.