Relative risk of receiving long-term opioid prescriptions compared with HTN controls without rheumatic disease
| Relative risk* of receiving long-term opioid prescriptions | |
| HTN | 1.00 (ref) |
| RA | 2.21 (2.16–2.25) |
| SLE | 1.82 (1.77–1.88) |
| PsA | 1.94 (1.87–2.00) |
| AS | 2.73 (2.60–2.87) |
*Each multivariable model adjusted for age at index date, sex, calendar year of index date, baseline characteristics of region of residence, alcoholism, smoking, substance use, depression, fibromyalgia, back pain, migraine headache, osteoarthritis, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, tooth extraction, MSK surgery, cardiac/digestive/gyn surgery, combined comorbidity score, physician visits, hospitalisations, ED visits, use of NSAIDs, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, benzodiazepines, SSRI, SNRI, gabapentin, pregabalin, cumulative glucocorticoid dose and cohort status of RA, SLE, PsA, AS with hypertension cohort as reference.
AS, ankylosing spondylitis; HTN, hypertension; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RR, relative risk; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.