Factors | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | ||||
OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
Socio economic factors | ||||||
Maternal education level | < 0.001 ** | |||||
Secondary/higher Primary None | 10.82 3.52 1.00 | 7.63 to 15.33 2.383 to 5.23 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | – – – | – – – | – – – |
Maternal working status | – | – | < 0.001 ** | |||
Working Not working | 1.65 1.00 | 1.25 to 2.19 (Reference) | <0.001** – | – – | – – | – – |
Husband/partner education level | – | – | < 0.001* * | – | – | < 0.001 * * |
Secondary/higher Primary None | 9.34 2.80 1.00 | 6.19 to 14.05 1.71 to 4.54 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | 2.07 1.08 1.00 | 1.29 to 3.33 0.62 to 1.83 (Reference) | 0.002** 0.781 – |
Husband/partner working status | – | – | 0.529 | – | – | – |
Not working Working | 1.37 1.00 | 0.52 to 3.61 (Reference) | 0.529 – | – – | – – | – – |
Wealth index | – | – | < 0.001* * | – | – | – |
Rich Middle Poor | 7.65 2.12 1.00 | 5.67 to 10.36 1.46 to 3.10 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | – – – | – – – | – – – |
Bio d emographic factors | ||||||
Maternal marital status Never married nor cohabited Formerly married/cohabited Currently married/cohabiting | – 1.52 1.34 1.00 | – 0.88 to 2.62 0.75 to 2.35 (Reference) | 0.176 0.120 0.308 – | – – – – | – – – – | – – – – |
Maternal age | – | – | < 0.001 * * | < 0.001* * | ||
35 or more years 20–34 years <20 years | 1.91 1.24 1.00 | 1.14 to 3.25 0.75 to 2.05 (Reference) | 0.015* 0.372 – | 2.12 1.07 1.00 | 1.08 to 4.11 0.62 to 1.89 (Reference) | 0.026* 0.778 – |
Maternal religion | – | – | < 0.001* * | < 0.001* * | ||
Christianity Traditional/other Islam | 4.65 1.51 1.00 | 3.56 to 6.04 0.41 to 5.47 (Reference) | <0.001** 0.520 – | 2.06 2.07 1.00 | 1.58 to 2.68 0.55 to 7.91 (Reference) | <0.001** 0.281 – |
Birth order 1 2–3 4 or more | – 2.81 1.71 1.00 | – 2.21 to 3.62 1.30 to 2.23 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** – | – 3.86 1.85 1.00 | – 2.66 to 5.56 1.31 to 2.60 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** 0.001** – |
Birth interval (preceding) <24 months 24 or more months | – 0.77 1.00 | – 0.56 to 1.10 (Reference) | 0.157 0.157 – | – – – | – – – | – – – |
Birth size Large Small Average | – 1.48 0.73 1.00 | – 1.22 to 1.84 0.51 to 1.05 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** 0.105 – | – 1.39 1.07 1.00 | – 1.10 to 1.74 0.69 to 1.66 (Reference) | 0.013* 0.006** 0.726 – |
Birth type Multiple Single | – 3.51 1.00 | – 2.21 to 5.56 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | – 4.96 1.00 | – 2.84 to 8.62 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – |
Region of residence | ||||||
North-Central North-East South-West South-East South-South North-West | 3.94 1.56 8.15 6.74 7.13 1.00 | 2.40 to 6.50 0.91 to 2.70 5.10 to 12.98 4.20 to 10.78 4.07 to 12.53 (Reference) | <0.001** 0.104 <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** – | – – – – – – | – – – – – – | – – – – – – |
Maternal BMI Obese Overweight Underweight Normal weight | – 11.14 5.33 1.98 1.00 | – 6.30 to 19.75 3.04 to 9.40 1.17 to 3.34 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.011* – | – 3.16 1.75 0.84 1.00 | – 2.30 to 4.32 1.31 to 2.37 0.46 to 1.53 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.560 – |
Rural–urban residence Urban Rural | – 4.06 1.00 | – 3.14 to 5.22 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | – 1.51 1.00 | – 1.15 to 1.97 (Reference) | 0.002** 0.002**– |
Health seeking/support factors | ||||||
Antenatal visit 4 or more 1–3 None | – 9.97 2.97 1.00 | – 5.93 to 16.72 1.51 to 5.77 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** 0.001** – | – 2.84 1.47 1.00 | – 1.56 to 5.17 0.72 to 3.01 (Reference) | <0.001** 0.001** 0.273 – |
Health insurance Yes No | – 5.61 1.00 | – 3.94 to 8.03 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | – 2.01 1.00 | – 1.37 to 2.95 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Private health facility Public health facility Home | 1.45 1.00 – | 1.14 to 1.80 (Reference) – | <0.001** <0.001** | – – – | – – – | – – – |
Distance to health facility Not a big problem A big problem | – 2.86 1.00 | – 2.13 to 3.84 (Reference) | <0.001** <0.001** – | – – – | – – – | – – – |
Socio c ultural factor | ||||||
Female genital cutting | 0.012* | – | – | – | ||
No Yes | 1.41 1.00 | 1.07 to 1.88 (Reference) | 0.012* – | – – | – – | – – |
Home delivery accounted for 64.5% of deliveries, while female genital cutting had about 40% missing value; hence, these variables were excluded in our multivariable analysis.
*Significant at 5% level.
**Significant at 1% level
NDHS, Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey.