Descriptive statistics and standardised differences for binary baseline variables, before matching and after matching and entropy balancing, for controls and integrated care patients (figures after matching, but before entropy balancing, are available in online supplementary tables 3 and 4)
| Variable | Before matching | After matching and balancing | Standard diff. | |||||||
| Potential controls (n=97 040) | Integrated care patients (n=2459) | Controls (n=2867) | Integrated care patients (n=1720) | Before match | After match and balance | |||||
| Mean (%) | SD | Mean (%) | SD | Mean (%) | SD | Mean (%) | SD | (%) | (%) | |
| Male | 48.2 | 50.0 | 48.4 | 50.0 | 47.9 | 50.0 | 47.9 | 50.0 | 0.38 | 0.01 |
| Asian ethnicity | 29.6 | 45.7 | 24.0 | 42.7 | 24.9 | 43.2 | 24.9 | 43.2 | 13.14 | 0.01 |
| Black ethnicity | 6.9 | 25.3 | 7.6 | 26.5 | 7.7 | 26.6 | 7.7 | 26.6 | 2.66 | 0.00 |
| Other ethnicity | 3.5 | 18.4 | 2.4 | 15.4 | 2.4 | 15.4 | 2.4 | 15.4 | 6.80 | 0.00 |
| Ex-smoker | 26.2 | 44.0 | 33.6 | 47.2 | 33.1 | 47.1 | 33.1 | 47.1 | 15.72 | 0.01 |
| Light smoker | 16.6 | 37.2 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 13.8 | 34.5 | 13.8 | 34.5 | 8.39 | 0.01 |
| Moderate smoker | 7.6 | 26.6 | 6.8 | 25.2 | 6.7 | 25.1 | 6.7 | 25.1 | 3.20 | 0.01 |
| Heavy smoker | 6.0 | 23.8 | 5.2 | 22.1 | 5.4 | 22.6 | 5.4 | 22.6 | 3.90 | 0.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6.6 | 24.8 | 16.2 | 36.8 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 26.14 | 0.01 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 4.4 | 20.5 | 7.2 | 25.8 | 6.2 | 24.1 | 6.2 | 24.1 | 10.63 | 0.01 |
| Coronary heart disease | 23.7 | 42.5 | 40.3 | 49.1 | 35.6 | 47.9 | 35.6 | 47.9 | 33.85 | 0.02 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 26.9 | 44.3 | 21.1 | 40.8 | 22.1 | 41.5 | 22.1 | 41.5 | 14.25 | 0.01 |
| Stroke | 8.6 | 28.0 | 16.6 | 37.2 | 15.0 | 35.7 | 15.0 | 35.7 | 21.62 | 0.01 |
| Heart failure | 7.4 | 26.2 | 17.6 | 38.1 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 26.84 | 0.01 |
| Myocardial infarction | 7.5 | 26.3 | 15.7 | 36.3 | 13.0 | 33.7 | 13.0 | 33.7 | 22.58 | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 62.1 | 48.5 | 71.6 | 45.1 | 71.2 | 45.3 | 71.2 | 45.3 | 20.99 | 0.02 |
| COPD | 16.4 | 37.1 | 25.4 | 43.5 | 23.3 | 42.3 | 23.3 | 42.3 | 20.60 | 0.01 |
| MRC3+ breathlessness score | 11.6 | 32.0 | 19.9 | 39.9 | 17.6 | 38.1 | 17.6 | 38.1 | 20.73 | 0.01 |
| Asthma | 16.0 | 36.6 | 19.6 | 39.7 | 17.9 | 38.4 | 17.9 | 38.4 | 9.06 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 40.1 | 49.0 | 48.0 | 50.0 | 46.7 | 49.9 | 46.7 | 49.9 | 15.72 | 0.00 |
| At risk of diabetes | 11.1 | 31.4 | 9.8 | 29.7 | 10.3 | 30.4 | 10.3 | 30.4 | 4.32 | 0.01 |
| Family diabetes | 11.2 | 31.5 | 8.2 | 27.5 | 9.2 | 29.0 | 9.2 | 29.0 | 10.71 | 0.00 |
| Family hypercholesterolaemia | 13.4 | 34.0 | 11.1 | 31.5 | 11.4 | 31.8 | 11.4 | 31.8 | 7.08 | 0.01 |
| Abnormal liver function test | 12.9 | 33.6 | 12.9 | 33.5 | 13.1 | 33.7 | 13.1 | 33.7 | 0.12 | 0.01 |
| Dementia | 2.7 | 16.3 | 10.5 | 30.6 | 8.1 | 27.3 | 8.1 | 27.4 | 25.28 | 0.00 |
| Manic depression/schizophrenia | 4.0 | 19.5 | 4.3 | 20.2 | 4.0 | 19.5 | 4.0 | 19.5 | 1.51 | 0.00 |
| Anxiety | 16.9 | 37.5 | 17.6 | 38.1 | 16.7 | 37.3 | 16.7 | 37.3 | 1.74 | 0.01 |
| Depression | 23.6 | 42.4 | 24.3 | 42.9 | 22.7 | 41.9 | 22.7 | 41.9 | 1.64 | 0.02 |
| Cancer | 11.0 | 31.3 | 16.8 | 37.4 | 15.6 | 36.3 | 15.6 | 36.3 | 15.37 | 0.01 |
| Thyroidism | 6.8 | 25.2 | 8.1 | 27.2 | 8.2 | 27.4 | 8.2 | 27.4 | 4.64 | 0.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 20.4 | 40.3 | 35.7 | 47.9 | 32.4 | 46.8 | 32.4 | 46.8 | 31.94 | 0.01 |
| Palliative care | 1.6 | 12.6 | 5.6 | 22.9 | 4.0 | 19.5 | 4.0 | 19.5 | 17.25 | 0.00 |
| Interpreter needed | 30.2 | 45.9 | 27.0 | 44.4 | 27.2 | 44.5 | 27.2 | 44.5 | 7.24 | 0.01 |
| Falls | 23.8 | 42.6 | 48.4 | 50.0 | 44.4 | 49.7 | 44.4 | 49.7 | 49.22 | 0.00 |
| NHS health check | 37.7 | 48.5 | 26.6 | 44.2 | 28.1 | 45.0 | 28.1 | 45.0 | 25.21 | 0.02 |
| Influenza vaccination | 86.5 | 34.2 | 92.7 | 26.0 | 92.4 | 26.4 | 92.4 | 26.4 | 23.91 | 0.01 |
| Pneumonia vaccination | 71.8 | 45.0 | 82.3 | 38.2 | 81.9 | 38.5 | 81.9 | 38.5 | 27.28 | 0.02 |
| Referred for pulmonary rehab | 9.4 | 29.2 | 15.2 | 35.9 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 16.01 | 0.01 |
| Smoking advice given | 74.2 | 43.7 | 78.8 | 40.9 | 78.4 | 41.1 | 78.4 | 41.1 | 11.18 | 0.01 |
| Referred to smoking cessation | 17.5 | 38.0 | 14.5 | 35.2 | 15.3 | 36.0 | 15.3 | 36.0 | 8.35 | 0.01 |
| Lipid-lowering advice given | 83.7 | 37.0 | 87.9 | 32.6 | 87.5 | 33.1 | 87.5 | 33.1 | 13.07 | 0.02 |
| Health network 2 | 20.3 | 40.2 | 15.8 | 36.5 | 16.0 | 36.7 | 16.0 | 36.7 | 12.26 | 0.02 |
| Health network 3 | 10.0 | 30.0 | 7.4 | 26.1 | 6.3 | 24.4 | 6.3 | 24.4 | 10.11 | 0.01 |
| Health network 4 | 12.7 | 33.3 | 10.5 | 30.7 | 10.8 | 31.0 | 10.8 | 31.0 | 7.07 | 0.01 |
| Health network 5 | 12.8 | 33.4 | 11.0 | 31.3 | 11.7 | 32.2 | 11.7 | 32.2 | 5.87 | 0.02 |
| Health network 6 | 7.6 | 26.5 | 9.1 | 28.7 | 9.4 | 29.1 | 9.4 | 29.1 | 5.03 | 0.00 |
| Health network 7 | 12.2 | 32.7 | 26.9 | 44.3 | 24.8 | 43.2 | 24.8 | 43.2 | 33.17 | 0.01 |
| Health network 8 | 9.5 | 29.3 | 2.5 | 15.6 | 2.9 | 16.8 | 2.9 | 16.8 | 44.90 | 0.00 |
| Intervention/index in quarter 2 | 24.6 | 43.1 | 8.5 | 27.8 | 8.2 | 27.4 | 8.2 | 27.4 | 57.89 | 0.01 |
| Intervention/index in quarter 3 | 25.2 | 43.4 | 11.8 | 32.3 | 12.7 | 33.3 | 12.7 | 33.3 | 41.50 | 0.01 |
| Intervention/index in quarter 4 | 26.3 | 44.0 | 43.4 | 49.6 | 46.0 | 49.8 | 46.0 | 49.9 | 34.46 | 0.01 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NHS, National Health Service.