Table 1

Characteristics of included studies on TIBF

Author/publication year	Study area	Study design	Study population	Sample size/ Participated	Factors	TIBF
Author/publication year	Study area	Study design	Study population	Sample size/ Participated	Factors	Within 1 hour	After 1 hour	Total
A. Gender of newborn versus TIBF
Regassa 201425	SNNPR, Sidama zone	Cross-sectional study	Mothers with infants aged between 0 and 6 months old	1100/1094	Male	488	107	595
					Female	389	110	499
					Total	877	217	1094
Alemayehu 201426	Tigray, Axum town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers who had children aged 6–12 months	418/418	Male	75	141	216
					Female	99	103	202
					Total	174	244	418
Berhe et al 201327	Tigray, Mekelle town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of children aged 0–24 months	361/361	Male	166	42	208
					Female	112	37	149
					Total	278	79	357
Beyene et al 2 01628	SNNPR, Dale Woreda	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of children <24 months	634/634	Male	262	51	313
					Female	255	50	305
					Total	517	101	618
Lakew et al 2 01529	National	Cross-sectional study*	Mothers who had children <5 years	11 654/11 553	Male	3124	2860	5984
					Female	3057	2511	5568
					Total	6181	5371	11 552
Liben and Yesuf 201630	Afar, Dubti town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of infants aged <6 months	346/333	Male	81	122	203
					Female	70	130	200
					Total	151	252	403
Setegn et al 2 01131	Oromia, Goba district	Cross-sectional study	Mothers with children (<12 months)	668/608	Male	164	152	316
					Female	150	133	283
					Total	314	285	599
Wolde et al 201432	Oromia, Nekemte town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers who had a child less <24 months	182/174	Male	70	10	80
					Female	84	10	94
					Total	154	20	174
Woldemichael 201633	Oromia, Tiyo Woreda	Cross-sectional study	Mothers who have children <1 year age	386/373	Male	153	60	213
					Female	98	62	160
					Total	251	122	373
Mekonen et al 201834	Amhara, South Gondar	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of infants <12 months	845/823	Male	214	229	443
					Female	187	193	380
					Total	401	422	823
B. Antenatal care versus TIBF
Gultie and Sebsibie201635	Amhara, Debre Berhan town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers having children aged <23 months old	548/548	ANC	482	88	570
					No ANC	16	15	31
					Total	498	103	601
Tamiru et al 201236	Oromia, Jimma Arjo Woreda	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of index children aged 0–6 months	384/382	ANC	115	69	184
					No ANC	120	71	191
					Total	235	140	375
Tamiru and Tamrat201537	SNNPR, Arba Minch Zuria Woreda	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of infants aged ≤2 years	384/384	ANC	179	140	319
					No ANC	40	24	64
					Total	219	164	383
Berhe et al 201327	Tigray, Mekelle town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of children aged 0– 24 months	361/361	ANC	263	66	329
					No ANC	15	13	28
					Total	278	79	357
Adugna 201438	SNNPR, Arba Minch Zuria	Cross-sectional study	Women who had children <2 years	384/383	ANC	179	140	319
					No ANC	40	24	64
					Total	219	164	383
Beyene et al 201628	SNNPR, Dale Woreda	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of children <24 months	634/634	ANC	206	58	264
					No ANC	311	43	354
					Total	517	101	618
Derso et al 201739	Amhara, Dabat district	Cross-sectional study*	Mothers with children <5 years of age	6761/6761	ANC	2135	2220	4355
					No ANC	670	1364	2034
					Total	2805	3584	6389
Liben and Yesuf 201630	Afar, Dubti town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of infants aged <6 months	346/333	ANC	110	196	306
					No ANC	41	56	97
					Total	151	252	403
Seid et al 201351	Amhara, Bahir Dar city	Cross-sectional study	Mothers who delivered in the last 12 months	819/819	ANC	680	94	774
					No ANC	29	12	41
					Total	709	106	815
Setegn et al 201131	Oromia, Goba district	Cross-sectional study	Mothers with children (<12 months)	668/608	ANC	270	238	508
					No ANC	37	19	56
					Total	307	257	564
Tewabe 201640	Amhara, Motta town	Cross-sectional study	Mothers with infant <6 months-old	423/405	ANC	282	41	323
					No ANC	37	45	82
					Total	319	86	405
Woldemichael 201633	Oromia, Tiyo Woreda	Cross-sectional study	Mothers who have children <1 year age	386/373	ANC	194	41	235
					No ANC	57	81	138
					Total	251	122	373
Mekonen et al 201834	Amhara, South Gondar	Cross-sectional study	Mothers of infants <12 months	845/823	ANC	370	332	702
					No ANC	31	90	121
					Total	401	422	823

*Used nationally representative EDHS data.
ANC, antenatal care; EDHS, Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region ; TIBF, timely initiation of breast feeding.