Association of sociodemographic factors and hypertension by ethnic groups, that is, Chinese (n=4817), Malay (n=2659) and Indian (n=2739)
| Sociodemographic factor | Ethnicity | |||||
| Chinese | Malay | Indian | ||||
| AOR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| <40 | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* |
| 40–49 | 2.50 (1.99 to 3.15) | <0.001 | 4.04 (3.03 to 5.38) | <0.001 | 3.44 (2.53 to 4.68) | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 6.44 (5.10 to 8.15) | <0.001 | 8.38 (6.20 to 11.33) | <0.001 | 8.26 (6.07 to 11.25) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 | 14.37 (10.82 to 19.06) | <0.001 | 30.53 (20.30 to 45.92) | <0.001 | 23.81 (16.40 to 34.56) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |||
| Male | 1.85 (1.58 to 2.17) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.37) | 0.527 | 1.97 (1.56 to 2.50) | <0.001 |
| Highest education level | ||||||
| Primary or lower | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | 0.017* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* |
| Secondary | 0.65 (0.54 to 0.77) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.59 to 0.91) | 0.005 | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.88) | 0.002 |
| Tertiary or higher | 0.54 (0.43 to 0.67) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.52 to 1.04) | 0.086 | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently married | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |||
| Not currently married | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.27) | 0.616 | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.31) | 0.972 | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.59) | 0.074 |
| Work status | ||||||
| Working/Studying full time | 1 (Ref) | 0.0078* | 1 (Ref) | 0.126* | 1 (Ref) | 0.066* |
| Homemaker | 1.30 (1.05 to 1.61) | 0.015 | 1.29 (1.00 to 1.67) | 0.048 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) | 0.021 |
| Retired/Unemployed | 1.38 (1.06 to 1.78) | 0.015 | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.43) | 0.894 | 1.15 (0.83 to 1.60) | 0.398 |
| Monthly household income (SGD)† | ||||||
| <2000 | 1 (Ref) | 0.391* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | 0.137* |
| 2000–3999 | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.12) | 0.306 | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.37) | 0.593 | 1.28 (1.00 to 1.64) | 0.046 |
| 4000–5999 | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.36) | 0.764 | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.37) | 0.879 | 0.92 (0.67to 1.25) | 0.579 |
| ≥6000 | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.46) | 0.401 | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.11) | 0.133 | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.75) | 0.334 |
Bolded values are two-sided p values <0.05.
COR was derived from bivariate logistic regression model.
AOR was derived from multivariable logistic regression model mutually adjusted for all other sociodemographic factors.
*Overall p value.
†Of all participants, 21.5% did not provide information on their average monthly household income. They have been categorised as ‘unknown income’ and included for analysis.
AOR, adjusted OR; COR, crude OR; SGD, Singapore Dollar.