Birth outcomes, perinatal and postneonatal mortality comparing pregnancies with pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and non-diabetes (ND) in First Nations and non-Indigenous births in Quebec, 1996–2010
| PGDM | GDM | ND | PGDM versus ND | GDM versus ND | |||
| AR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | AR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | ||||
| First Nations | |||||||
| Deaths, per 1000 | Per 1000 | Per 1000 | |||||
| Perinatal death | 26.9 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 21.6 (8.6 to 34.6) | 5.08 (2.99 to 8.62)* | 2.9 (−1.7 to 7.6) | 1.55 (0.86 to 2.80) |
| Postneonatal death | 3.5 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 0.5 (−4.4 to 5.3) | 1.16 (0.28 to 4.77) | −1.2 (1.2 to 3.6) | 0.62 (0.19 to 2.00) |
| Births, % | % | % | |||||
| Preterm | 15.8 | 8.4 | 6.6 | 9.2 (6.3 to 12.2) | 2.41 (1.98 to 2.93)* | 1.9 (0.5 to 3.4) | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.57)† |
| SGA‡ | 1.7 | 1.9 | 4.0 | −2.3 (−3.4 to 1.3) | 0.42 (0.22 to 0.78)† | −2.1 (−1.6 to to 2.7) | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.64)* |
| LGA‡ | 49.8 | 44.0 | 21.7 | 25.8 (21.7 to 29.8) | 2.29 (2.10 to 2.50)* | 22.3 (19.8 to 24.9) | 2.03 (1.90 to 2.17)* |
| Birth defects | 4.1 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 (0.8 to 3.8) | 2.12 (1.40 to 3.22)* | 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.2) | 1.33 (0.94 to 1.87) |
| Non-Indigenous | |||||||
| Deaths, per 1000 | Per 1000 | Per 1000 | |||||
| Perinatal death | 9.6 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 4.2 (0.2 to 8.1) | 1.76 (1.17 to 2.66)† | −1.5 (−0.3 to 2.8) | 0.72 (0.53 to 0.98) |
| Postneonatal death | 3.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 2.4 (0.1 to 4.8) | 3.46 (1.71 to 6.99)† | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.1) | 1.39 (0.81 to 2.39) |
| Births, % | % | % | |||||
| Preterm | 14.2 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 8.0 (6.6 to 9.4) | 2.29 (2.08 to 2.53)* | 2.4 (1.9 to 3.0) | 1.40 (1.31 to 1.49)* |
| SGA‡ | 7.4 | 7.7 | 8.7 | −1.3 (−2.3 to 1.9) | 0.86 (0.74 to 0.99) | −1.0 (−0.5 to 1.6) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.94)† |
| LGA‡ | 21.7 | 14.7 | 9.0 | 12.8 (11 to 14.4) | 2.49 (2.31 to 2.70)* | 5.8 (5.2 to 6.4) | 1.70 (1.62 to 1.78)* |
| Birth defects | 2.9 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.7 (1.0 to 2.4) | 2.53 (1.99 to 3.22)* | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.35) |
*P<0.001.
†P<0.006 (Bonferroni adjusted p value cut-off for multiple primary comparisons of interest).
‡According to the Canadian sex and gestational age-specific birthweight standards.
AR, absolute risk, GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA, large for gestational age (>90th percentile); ND, non-diabetes; PGDM, pregestational diabetes mellitus; RR, relative risk; SGA, small for gestational age (birth weight <10th percentile).