Table 3

Significant resilience factors (grouped into themes) in the individual, family, social, school and community domains by primary adversity exposure*

AdversityPapersIndividual domainFamily domainSocial domainSchool domainCommunity domain
First author, yearn†Factor (no. of papers)‡n†Factor (no. of papers)‡n†Factor (no. of papers)‡n†Factor (no. of papers)‡n†Factor (no. of papers)‡
Poverty ethnic discrimination
(6/11 involved an ethnic minority)		Anthony62, 2008.
Bagci47, 2014.
Borman60, 2004.
Brown53, 2013.
Cortina48, 2013.
Fantuzzo33, 2012.
Flouri58, 2014.
Holliday, 2014.
Horner63, 2012.
Ng, 2014.
Somchit50, 2004.		8Emotion regulation (1).
Cognitive abilities (2).
Coping (1).
Hope (1).
Self-esteem (1).
Self-efficacy (1).
Self-identity (1).
Gender (1).		6Family relationships (1).
Parenting skills (1).
Family SES (2).		4Social support (1).
Friends (2).		5School environment (1).
Teachers (1).
Student engagement (3).		5Neighbourhood (1).
Community (1).
Parent absence (illness, death, incarceration and out-of-home care)Bell70, 2013.
Dallaire69 2013.
Downie65, 2010.
Ebersohn68, 2010.
Lin57, 2004.
Myers61, 2013.
Rees, 2013.		7Cognition (1).
Coping (1).
Emotion regulation (2).
Empathy (1).
Self-efficacy (1).
Self-identity (1).
Help seeking (1).		4Family relationships (1).
Caregiver relationship (1).
Parenting skills (1).
Family SES (1).		2Social support (1).11Spirituality (1).
Maltreatment (one or more of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect).Cicchetti54, 2007.
Coohey67, 2011.
Dubowitz83, 2016.
 Flores55, 2009.
Jaffee59, 2007.
Manly84, 2013.
Yoon64, 2017.		7Cognition (3).
Emotion regulation (3).
Temperament (1).
Positive affect (1).
Living skills (1).
Prosocial skills (1).		4Caregiver relationship (1).
Family environment (1).
Parent mental health (1).
Caregiver well-being (1).		3Social support (1).01Neighbourhood (1)
Violence (intimate partner and community)Graham-Bermann56, 2009.
Jones71, 2007.
Lagasse51, 2006.
Ramos-Olazagasti72, 2013.		2Emotion regulation (1).
Positive affect (1).		3Family relationships (1).
Parenting skills (2).
Parent mental health (1).		2Social support (2).
Social skills (1).		02Spirituality (2).
Culture (1).
WarHelevi, 20161Gender (1).1Parent mental health (1).1Social skills (1).00

  • *Papers included multiple exposures but are presented in a single primary adversity category to avoid artificially inflating counts.

  • †Number of papers reporting on individual, family, social, school or community resilience factors.

  • ‡Number of studies identifying significant associations with resilient outcomes.