Risk factors associated with major bleeding (PREvention oF thromboembolic events - European Registry in Atrial Fibrillation derivation cohort)
| Variable | OR* | 95% CI | P value | OR† | 95% CI | P value | Score |
| Bleeding predisposition‡ | 4.10 | 2.54 to 6.60 | <0.0001 | 3.87 | 2.32 to 6.47 | <0.0001 | 4 |
| Age ≥75 years | 2.16 | 1.52 to 3.07 | <0.0001 | 1.99 | 1.36 to 2.91 | 0.0004 | 2 |
| Vascular disease§ | 1.92 | 1.35 to 2.73 | 0.0003 | 1.65 | 1.11 to 2.43 | 0.0125 | 1 |
| Abnormal renal function¶ | 1.78 | 1.18 to 2.69 | 0.0062 | 1.50 | 1.01 to 2.23 | 0.0401 | 1 |
| Abnormal liver function¶ | 3.48 | 1.65 to 7.35 | 0.0011 | 3.24 | 1.47 to 7.15 | 0.0035 | 2 |
| Labile INR** | 1.44 | 1.00 to 2.08 | 0.0492 | 1.31 | 0.91 to 1.89 | 0.0965 | 1 |
| Excess alcohol | 1.85 | 1.07 to 3.20 | 0.0134 | 1.94 | 1.02 to 3.69 | 0.0472 | 2 |
| Drugs†† | 1.78 | 1.23 to 2.58 | 0.0023 | 1.35 | 0.89 to 2.05 | 0.1581 | 1 |
*Univariate analysis.
†Multivariable analysis.
‡History of bleeding/anaemia (HAS-BLED).
§Peripheral artery disease, prior myocardial infarction, aortic plaque (CHA2DS2-VASc).
¶Abnormal renal function (HAS-BLED): serum creatinine >2.3 mg/dL (200 μmol/L), renal transplantation or chronic dialysis. Abnormal liver function (HAS-BLED): cirrhosis, elevated liver transaminases or alkaline phosphatase >3 times above the upper limit of normal (ULN), or bilirubin >2 times above the ULN.
**<60% time in therapeutic range.
††Antiplatelet agents or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
INR, international normalised ratio.