Table 3

Associations (mean difference or OR) for childhood maltreatment and adult cardiometabolic markers, adjusted for intermediary factors, separately and combined

Model 2Model 3
(+BMI 7and 45y)		Model 4
(+adult SEP)		Model 5
(+lifestyle factors)		Model 6
(+depressive symptoms)		Model 7
(+all factors)
Mean difference (95% CI)*
 Neglect
  BMI (kg/m2)0.53 (0.23 to 0.83)0.30 (0.0 to 0.61)0.50 (0.20 to 0.80)0.50 (0.20 to 0.80)0.30 (0.0 to 0.60)
  Waist circumference (cm)1.23 (0.51 to 1.96)0.59 (−0.15 to 1.33)1.09 (0.37 to 1.81)1.14 (0.41 to 1.86)0.54 (−0.20 to 1.27)
  HDL-c (mmol/L)(females)−0.05 (−0.08 to –0.01)−0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01)−0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02)−0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02)−0.04(−0.08 to 0)0.0 (−0.03 to 0.03)
  Triglycerides† (%)3.9 (0.3 to 7.5)2.2 (−1.4 to 5.8)2.4 (−1.4 to 6.2)2.4 (−1.2 to 6.0)3.4 (−0.2 to 7.0)0.5 (−3.1 to 4.1)
  HbA1c(%)† (%)1.2 (0.4 to 2.0)1.0 (0.2 to 1.8)0.7 (−0.1 to 1.5)0.7 (−0.1 to 1.5)1.1(0.3 to 1.9)0.4 (−0.4 to 1.2)
 Physical abuse
  BMI (kg/m2)0.72 (0.28 to 1.16)0.71 (0.27 to 1.14)0.79 (0.36 to 1.22)0.66 (0.22 to 1.10)0.77 (0.34 to 1.21)
  Waist circumference (cm)1.29 (0.23 to 2.35)1.25 (0.19 to 2.30)1.32 (0.27 to 2.37)1.04 (−0.02 to 2.10)1.22(0.17 to 2.28)
  HDL-c (mmol/L)(females)−0.06 (−0.12 to –0.01)−0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01)−0.06 (−0.12 to –0.01)−0.04 (−0.09 to 0.02)−0.05 (−0.11 to 0.001)−0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04)
  HbA1c(%) (males)† (%)2.5 (0.7 to 4.3)2.1 (0.3 to 3.9)2.4 (0.6 to 4.2)1.9 (0.1 to 3.7)2.3 (0.3 to 4.3)1.4 (−0.4 to 3.2)
 Sexual abuse
  HbA1c(%)† (%)2.4(0.0 to 4.8)2.2 (−0.2 to 4.6)1.8 (−0.6 to 4.2)1.2 (−1.2 to 3.6)2.0 (−0.4 to 4.4)0.9 (−1.5 to 3.3)
 Psychological abuse
  HDL-c (mmol/L)−0.04 (−0.07 to –0.01)−0.04 (−0.07 to –0.01)−0.04 (−0.07 to –0.01)−0.02 (−0.05 to 0.004)−0.03 (−0.06 to 0.001)−0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01)
OR (95% CI) for elevated levels‡
 Neglect
  General obesity1.16 (1.02 to 1.32)1.06 (0.93 to 1.21)1.13 (0.99 to 1.29)1.15 (1.01 to 1.30)1.05 (0.92 to 1.20)
  Central obesity1.15 (1.02 to 1.30)1.05 (0.92 to 1.18)1.13 (1.00 to 1.27)1.13 (1.00 to 1.28)1.04 (0.92 to 1.18)
 Physical abuse
  General obesity1.36 (1.13 to 1.64)1.36 (1.13 to 1.64)1.38 (1.14 to 1.66)1.33 (1.10 to 1.60)1.37 (1.13 to 1.66)
  Central obesity1.38 (1.16 to 1.65)1.38 (1.16 to 1.64)1.39 (1.17 to 1.66)1.34 (1.12 to 1.60)1.38 (1.16 to 1.65)
  LDL-c1.25 (1.00 to 1.56)1.21 (0.96 to 1.51)1.24 (0.99 to 1.56)1.16 (0.93 to 1.46)1.21 (0.96 to 1.51)1.09 (0.87 to 1.37)
 Sexual abuse
  LDL-c1.41 (0.89 to 2.23)1.41 (0.88 to 2.24)1.38 (0.87 to 2.19)1.26 (0.79 to 2.00)1.34 (0.84 to 2.13)1.23 (0.76 to 1.98)
 Psychological abuse
  Triglycerides1.21 (1.02 to 1.44)1.22 (1.02 to 1.47)1.21 (1.02 to 1.44)1.18 (0.99 to 1.40)1.15 (0.96 to 1.37)1.14 (0.95 to 1.37)

  • NB: associations at p<0.05 (or borderline for sexual abuse) in Model 2, table 2 included here. Estimates that reached significance with p<0.05 were bold-faced.

  • Genders combined except when gender*maltreatment interaction p< 0.05.

  • Model 2: Model 1 factors, self-reported family history of diabetes (for HbA1c) and early-life factors (see table 2 footnotes).

  • Model 3: Model 2 factors and measured BMI (7 and 45y).

  • Model 4: Model 2 factors and adult social class (SEP) (own occupation at 42y [33y if missing] and qualifications by 33y).

  • Model 5: Model 2 factors and lifestyles at 42y (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity).

  • Model 6: Model 2 factors and depressive symptoms at 42y (0–15 Malaise Inventory items).

  • Model 7: all variables.

  • *All cardiometabolic markers (continuous measures) were adjusted for medication. For binary outcomes (hypertension, dyslipidemia or T2 diabetes), those on medication were in risk groups

  • †Log transformed and converted to per cent (NB: for HbA1c and triglycerides parameters are per cent of units [%])

  • ‡Details of risk groups in table 1.