Participant characteristics
| Characteristic | Sample | N |
| Age range (mean±SD) | 27–77 (45.46±13.14) | 80 |
| Sex, n (%) | Male: 59 (72.8) Female: 21 (25.9) Other: 1 (1.2) | 81 |
| Top 3 Nationalities, n (%) | India: 21 (25.9) USA: 17 (21.0) Ethiopia: 5 (6.2) | 81 |
| Research discipline, n (%) | Clinical research: 49 (59.8) Preclinical/basic research: 27 (32.9) Other: 6 (7.3) | 82 |
| Research status, n (%) | Undergraduate student: 1 (1.3) Master’s student: 5 (6.3) PhD student: 13 (16.3) Postdoctoral student: 3 (3.8) Assistant/associate/full professor: 32 (40.0) Researcher at research institute: 13 (16.3) Researcher in private sector: 3 (3.8) Other: 10 (12.5) | 80 |
| Number of papers published within a year of the presumed predatory publication, n (%) | 0: 2 (2.6) 1–3: 39 (50.6) 4–6: 20 (26.0) 7+: 15 (19.5) Unknown: 1 (1.3) | 77 |