Prevalence, and crude and adjusted odd ratios of BDD-associated factors and their 95% CI
| Factors | Subjects | % BDD | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value |
| Over all | 394 026 | 1.2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Periductal fibrosis | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 324 482 | 1.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| PDF1 | 48 383 | 1.4 | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.11 to 1.40 | |
| PDF2 | 18 686 | 1.7 | 1.55 | 1.24 | 1.04 to 1.47 | |
| PDF3 | 2475 | 6.6 | 6.35 | 5.74 | 4.57 to 7.21 | |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||||
| Female | 242 115 | 0.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 151 866 | 1.7 | 2.00 | 1.46 | 1.31 to 1.63 | |
| Age group (years) | <0.001 | |||||
| 40–44 | 49 281 | 0.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 45–49 | 71 564 | 0.6 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 0.88 to 1.38 | |
| 50–54 | 78 428 | 0.9 | 1.44 | 1.42 | 1.15 to 1.75 | |
| 55–59 | 69 530 | 1.1 | 1.77 | 1.74 | 1.42 to 2.14 | |
| ≥60 years | 114 305 | 2.1 | 3.46 | 3.14 | 2.59 to 3.81 | |
| Education levels | 0.472 | |||||
| None | 6561 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 286 840 | 1.3 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.65 to 1.27 | |
| Secondary | 78 090 | 0.8 | 0.53 | 0.72 | 0.51 to 1.03 | |
| Certificate/bachelor | 18 632 | 1.1 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.53 to 1.24 | |
| Higher than bachelor | 3055 | 1.5 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.52 to 1.71 | |
| Occupations | <0.001 | |||||
| Unemployed | 15 582 | 2.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Farmer | 306 421 | 1.1 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.40 to 0.55 | |
| Labour | 32 420 | 1.0 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.41 to 0.67 | |
| Own business | 13 467 | 1.0 | 0.40 | 0.65 | 0.48 to 0.87 | |
| Government/state enterprises | 13 997 | 1.5 | 0.59 | 0.87 | 0.63 to 1.20 | |
| Others | 11 335 | 1.4 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.44 to 0.80 | |
| Relatives diagnosed with CCA | 0.018 | |||||
| No | 319 902 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 73 286 | 1.2 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.02 to 1.24 | |
| Liver fluke infection | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 113 178 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 68 979 | 1.5 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.12 to 1.39 | |
| Praziquantel treatment | 0.067 | |||||
| None | 270 183 | 1.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| One time | 84 136 | 1.3 | 1.20 | 0.85 | 0.75 to 0.95 | |
| Two times | 18 126 | 1.5 | 1.33 | 0.93 | 0.79 to 1.10 | |
| Three times | 5264 | 1.7 | 1.56 | 1.10 | 0.85 to 1.43 | |
| More than three times | 6414 | 1.8 | 1.63 | 1.26 | 1.00 to 1.59 | |
| Smoking history | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 308 776 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes, current or previous | 83 754 | 2.0 | 2.11 | 1.31 | 1.17 to 1.46 | |
| Alcohol consumption history | 0.002 | |||||
| No | 214 495 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes, current or previous | 178 564 | 1.4 | 1.45 | 1.17 | 1.06 to 1.29 | |
| Hepatitis B virus | 0.298 | |||||
| No | 382 058 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 6803 | 1.4 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 0.88 to 1.52 | |
| Hepatitis C virus | 0.124 | |||||
| No | 388 114 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 747 | 2.0 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 0.87 to 3.31 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.011 | |||||
| No | 362 296 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 26 565 | 1.6 | 1.37 | 1.20 | 1.04 to 1.37 |
BDD, bile duct dilatation; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; PDF, periductal fibrosis; N/A, not applicable.