Table 2

Multivariate analyses of four regression models for adolescent and mother’s lipid profiles

	TC & TC				TG & TG				HDL-C & HDL-C				LDL-C & LDL-C
	β	SB	SE	P value*	β	SB	SE	P value*	β	S.B.	SE	P value*	β	S.B.	SE	P value*
Mother’s lipids (beta coefficient)	0.229	0.268	0.015	<0.001	0.161	0.215	0.020	<0.001	0.240	0.294	0.016	<0.001	0.236	0.284	0.016	<0.001
Adolescent variables
Age (years)
12–14	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
15–18	−0.168	−0.003	1.071	0.671	−0.788	−0.009	1.970	0.515	−0.476	−0.024	0.388	0.213	0.539	0.012	0.920	0.865
Sex
Male	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
Female	13.317	0.246	1.035	<0.001	1.767	0.019	1.845	0.004	2.936	0.150	0.378	<0.001	9.954	0.213	0.892	<0.001
BMI (%)†
<85	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
≥85	10.931	0.117	1.950	<0.001	29.963	0.187	3.575	<0.001	−5.514	−0.163	0.563	<0.001	10.299	0.128	1.642	<0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)
≤100	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
>100	4.240	0.033	2.743	0.157	3.483	0.016	4.322	0.404	0.448	0.010	0.817	0.734	2.768	0.025	2.334	0.343
Stress level
Non	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
Mild	−0.117	−0.002	1.370	0.943	1.583	0.017	2.229	0.531	0.521	0.026	0.459	0.348	−0.979	−0.021	1.206	0.423
Moderate	−2.199	−0.035	1.561	0.162	1.739	0.016	2.731	0.730	0.103	0.005	0.533	0.893	−2.552	−0.047	1.349	0.053
Eating out/week
≥7	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
5–6	2.599	0.047	1.025	0.017	2.939	0.031	1.763	0.329	0.107	0.005	0.374	0.782	2.030	0.043	0.896	0.039
1–4	2.142	0.012	3.110	0.480	3.127	0.010	5.402	0.687	0.036	0.001	1.225	0.975	1.397	0.009	2.666	0.574
<1	8.908	0.028	6.882	0.255	6.660	0.012	9.111	0.360	−0.848	−0.007	1.800	0.673	8.283	0.030	5.553	0.152
Walking/week
0–1 day	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
2–4 days	−1.422	−0.020	1.799	0.410	−0.919	−0.008	3.566	0.820	−0.371	−0.014	0.658	0.774	−0.864	−0.014	1.547	0.464
5–6 days	−1.349	−0.022	1.693	0.292	−1.070	−0.010	3.453	0.817	−0.092	−0.004	0.626	0.966	−1.119	−0.021	1.430	0.208
7 days	−3.466	−0.064	1.554	0.024	−2.035	−0.022	2.291	0.921	−0.021	−0.001	0.594	0.932	−3.143	−0.067	1.316	0.007
Exercise/week
Non	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
1–2 days	1.528	0.023	1.210	0.208	−2.743	−0.024	2.074	0.132	−0.374	−0.016	0.416	0.501	2.361	0.042	1.034	0.013
≥3 days	2.992	0.038	1.476	0.032	−3.400	−0.025	2.544	0.194	0.939	0.033	0.527	0.061	3.018	0.045	1.305	0.027
Mother variables
Age (years)
30–39	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
40–49	−1.270	−0.020	1.302	0.272	−1.716	−0.016	2.364	0.364	−0.972	−0.043	0.478	0.031	0.046	0.001	1.106	0.926
50–59	−6.554	−0.065	2.165	0.003	−6.270	−0.036	3.780	0.149	−2.071	−0.057	0.725	0.009	−3.230	−0.037	1.868	0.126
BMI (kg/m²)
<23	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
23–24.9	−1.637	−0.026	1.159	0.141	−3.390	−0.031	2.034	0.015	0.175	0.008	0.425	0.749	−0.849	−0.016	0.994	0.295
≥25	−2.467	−0.040	1.221	0.024	−4.209	−0.040	2.297	0.002	0.612	0.028	0.448	0.261	−1.513	−0.029	1.073	0.090
Smoking status
Non	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
Ex-	1.855	0.015	2.321	0.372	−2.802	−0.013	3.551	0.996	−1.544	−0.035	0.825	0.080	4.246	0.040	1.944	0.012
Current	1.614	0.010	2.537	0.510	−3.711	−0.014	4.464	0.901	−1.431	−0.025	1.024	0.191	3.601	0.027	2.174	0.059
Drinking status
Non	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
≤1/month	0.056	0.001	1.306	0.934	2.098	0.021	2.282	0.438	−1.724	−0.082	0.469	<0.001	1.168	0.023	1.112	0.231
≥2/month	−0.014	0.000	1.205	0.996	0.417	0.004	2.146	0.939	−0.928	−0.047	0.427	0.035	0.757	0.016	1.037	0.564
Education level
Elementary	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
Middle	1.689	0.015	3.314	0.652	1.770	0.009	5.778	0.588	−0.154	−0.004	1.245	0.925	1.228	0.013	2.898	0.760
High	−0.329	−0.006	2.822	0.936	1.296	0.014	5.062	0.629	−0.414	−0.021	1.106	0.778	−0.355	−0.008	2.505	0.884
University	−1.680	−0.029	2.911	0.638	−1.693	−0.017	5.212	0.860	−0.299	−0.015	1.037	0.895	−1.301	−0.026	2.565	0.668
Income (1000)
<1000	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
1000–1999	−1.700	−0.027	2.010	0.521	−1.408	−0.013	3.858	0.592	−0.460	−0.020	0.727	0.561	−0.964	−0.018	1.710	0.731
2000–2999	0.419	0.007	1.976	0.748	−1.328	−0.014	3.682	0.775	0.105	0.005	0.715	0.934	0.485	0.010	1.685	0.707
≥3000	0.821	0.014	2.030	0.658	−1.818	−0.019	3.697	0.793	0.076	0.004	0.729	0.996	0.994	0.020	1.726	0.545
Working hours
Non	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
Full-time	0.834	0.014	1.159	0.484	3.312	0.033	2.202	0.162	0.206	0.010	0.421	0.572	−0.150	−0.003	0.999	0.702
Part-time	0.279	0.003	1.592	0.986	0.496	0.003	2.649	0.658	0.008	0.000	0.598	0.797	0.068	0.001	1.330	0.989
Eating out/week
≥7	Ref				Ref				Ref				Ref
5–6	1.637	0.025	1.754	0.381	3.492	0.031	2.735	0.309	−0.868	−0.036	0.605	0.122	1.868	0.033	1.583	0.157
1–4	0.539	0.010	1.615	0.686	3.111	0.033	2.646	0.555	−0.372	−0.019	0.572	0.472	0.374	0.008	1.463	0.588
<1	1.652	0.025	1.763	0.263	4.206	0.037	3.188	0.534	−0.119	−0.005	0.630	0.889	1.088	0.019	1.600	0.331

*P values were calculated considering log-transformed outcome values.
†Based on BMI(kg/m²) for age percentiles in male and female subjects.
BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; S.B., standardised beta ; SE ; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; β, beta.