The characteristics of the participants by smoking status and FTND scores (n=1184)
| Variables | Mean±SD or N (%) | P value* | |||||
| Total (n=1184) | Non-smokers (n=520) | Current smokers (n=488) | Former smokers (n=176) | ||||
| Very low FTND (n=241) | Low/mid FTND (n=170) | High FTND (n=77) | |||||
| Age, years | 53.57±13.53 | 51.74±14.79 | 53.13±12.28 | 52.56±12.63 | 55.61±10.55 | 59.66±11.38 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 1090 (92.1) | 462 (88.8) | 232 (96.3) | 154 (90.6) | 73 (94.8) | 169 (96.0) | 0.001 |
| Others† | 94 (7.9) | 58 (11.2) | 9 (3.7) | 16 (9.4) | 4 (5.2) | 7 (4.0) | |
| Education | |||||||
| Illiteracy | 94 (7.9) | 32 (6.2) | 18 (7.5) | 21 (12.4) | 11 (14.3) | 12 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 173 (14.6) | 61 (11.7) | 34 (14.1) | 20 (11.8) | 15 (19.5) | 43 (24.4) | |
| Middle | 688 (58.1) | 297 (57.1) | 148 (61.4) | 106 (62.4) | 43 (55.8) | 94 (53.4) | |
| College or above | 229 (19.3) | 130 (25.0) | 41 (17.0) | 23 (13.5) | 8 (10.4) | 27 (15.3) | |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Low | 303 (25.6) | 124 (23.8) | 79 (32.8) | 49 (28.8) | 27 (35.1) | 24 (13.6) | 0.001 |
| Middle | 624 (52.7) | 286 (55.0) | 117 (48.5) | 81 (47.6) | 33 (42.9) | 107 (60.8) | |
| High | 257 (21.7) | 110 (21.2) | 45 (18.7) | 40 (23.5) | 17 (22.1) | 45 (25.6) | |
| Drinking status | |||||||
| Regular | 523 (44.2) | 199 (38.3) | 124 (51.5) | 84 (49.4) | 45 (58.4) | 71 (40.3) | <0.001 |
| Others‡ | 661 (55.8) | 321 (61.7) | 117 (48.5) | 86 (50.6) | 32 (41.6) | 105 (59.7) | |
| Metabolic abnormality | |||||||
| Normal | 215 (18.2) | 105 (20.2) | 42 (17.4) | 26 (15.3) | 13 (16.9) | 29 (16.5) | 0.576 |
| Abnormal | 969 (81.8) | 415 (79.8) | 199 (82.6) | 144 (84.7) | 64 (83.1) | 147 (83.5) | |
| FTND | N/A | N/A | 0.97±0.77 | 3.77±0.81 | 6.92±1.12 | N/A | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 167.48±5.55 | 167.17±5.84 | 167.90±5.09 | 168.34±5.13 | 168.16±4.75 | 166.72±5.85 | 0.021 |
| Weight, kg | 66.65±9.76 | 66.70±9.82 | 67.46±9.74 | 66.83±9.78 | 65.67±9.32 | 65.65±9.77 | 0.360 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.74±3.11 | 23.86±3.23 | 23.92±3.17 | 23.55±3.06 | 23.17±2.73 | 23.55±2.86 | 0.256 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.01±9.15 | 85.84±9.48 | 86.39±9.13 | 85.88±9.04 | 86.81±8.03 | 85.79±8.85 | 0.859 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 92.21±5.56 | 92.68±5.64 | 92.25±5.58 | 92.00±5.43 | 91.13±5.04 | 91.48±5.55 | 0.041 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93±0.07 | 0.92±0.07 | 0.93±0.06 | 0.93±0.06 | 0.95±0.06 | 0.94±0.06 | 0.005 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.51±0.05 | 0.51±0.06 | 0.51±0.05 | 0.51±0.05 | 0.52±0.05 | 0.51±0.05 | 0.923 |
| Body fat percentage | 23.62±6.29 | 24.04±6.43 | 23.69±6.11 | 22.65±6.67 | 22.78±5.91 | 23.60±5.82 | 0.102 |
| Regional fat percentage | |||||||
| Trunk | 61.84±4.92 | 61.66±5.12 | 62.22±4.65 | 61.56±4.74 | 62.84±4.45 | 61.68±5.03 | 0.197 |
| Arms | 8.85±1.28 | 8.87±1.32 | 8.77±1.22 | 8.82±1.19 | 8.82±1.38 | 8.95±1.30 | 0.675 |
| Legs | 24.94±4.34 | 25.14±4.63 | 24.67±4.02 | 25.13±4.10 | 23.89±3.74 | 24.97±4.35 | 0.138 |
| Limbs | 33.79±4.38 | 34.02±4.61 | 33.43±4.09 | 33.95±4.14 | 32.71±3.92 | 33.92±4.45 | 0.089 |
| Android | 11.69±1.28 | 11.58±1.31 | 11.81±1.24 | 11.72±1.20 | 12.19±1.18 | 11.62±1.30 | 0.001 |
| Gynoid | 15.81±2.84 | 15.96±2.95 | 15.61±2.76 | 16.08±2.83 | 15.23±2.44 | 15.64±2.78 | 0.090 |
| Android-to-gynoid ratio | 0.77±0.19 | 0.76±0.19 | 0.79±0.18 | 0.76±0.18 | 0.83±0.18 | 0.77±0.18 | 0.022 |
*Analysis of variance test for continuous variables and χ 2test for categorical variables among the groups of smoking status.
†Others: unmarried, divorced or widowed.
‡Others: <1/month currently or never/former drinkers.
FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; N/A, not applicable.