Sociodemographic and work-related characteristics of study population in teachers working in rural and urban areas (n=597)
| n missing | Total n=597 | Urban n=250 | Rural n=347 | P value* | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Age | ≤29 years | 5 | 109 (18.5) | 29 (11.8) | 80 (23.2) | <0.01* |
| 30–39 years | 196 (33.2) | 57 (23.3) | 139 (40.3) | |||
| 40–49 years | 139 (23.6) | 66 (26.9) | 73 (21.2) | |||
| ≥50 years | 146 (24.7) | 93 (38.0) | 53 (15.4) | |||
| Gender | Female | 4 | 430 (72.9) | 192 (78.4) | 238 (69.0) | 0.03* |
| Teaching level | Secondary | 6 | 225 (37.7) | 70 (28.0) | 155 (44.7) | <0.01* |
| Primary and secondary | 82 (13.7) | 41 (16.4) | 41 (11.8) | |||
| Primary | 290 (48.6) | 139 (55.6) | 151 (43.5) | |||
| Extracurricular activities† | Hours/week (Md; range)‡ | 33 | 10.00; 1–96 | 10.00; 1–72 | 10.00; 1–96 | 0.34§ |
| Monthly income | High (>US$476) | 10 | 167 (28.0) | 84 (33.6) | 82 (23.6) | <0.01* |
| Medium (US$239–US$476) | 306 (51.2) | 110 (44.0) | 196 (56.5) | |||
| Low (<US$238) | 124 (20.8) | 56 (22.4) | 69 (19.9) | |||
| Work posture | Standing or walking (always) | 19 | 423 (70.9) | 192 (76.8) | 231 (66.6) | 0.01* |
| ERI-effort | Md; range‡ | 7.00; 3–12 | 7.00; 3–11 | 8.00; 3–12 | <0.01§ | |
| ERI-reward | Md; range‡ | 19.00; 10–27 | 20.00; 12–27 | 18.00; 10–26 | 0.02§ | |
| Job promotion | Md; range‡ | 7.50; 3–12 | 7.00; 3.0–11.0 | 8.00; 3.0–12.0 | 0.80§ | |
| Esteem | Md; range‡ | 5.00; 2–8 | 5.00; 2.0–8.0 | 5.00; 2.0–8.0 | <0.01§ | |
| Job security | Md; range‡ | 6.00; 2–8 | 7.00; 3–8 | 6.0; 2.0–8.0 | 0.11§ | |
| ERI-ratio | Md; range‡ | 62 | 0.91; 0.3–2.3 | 0.82; 0.3–1.8 | 0.96; 0.3–2.3 | <0.01§ |
| ERI-risk group | ERI >1.0 | 176 (29.5) | 55 (22.0) | 122 (35.2) | <0.01* | |
| Overcommitment (OC) | Md; range‡ | 37 | 16.50; 7.0–24.0 | 16.00; 7.0–24.0 | 17.00;7.0–24.0 | 0.01§ |
| OC >higher value | 208 (34.8) | 84 (33.6) | 124 (35.7) | 0.96* |
↵*P value χ2 test.
†Extracurricular activities: the sum of time in extracurricular activities including preparing school lessons, preparing teaching material, preparation of extraprogramme activities, interviews with parents or pupils, planning and teamwork, administrative duties, participation in courses and correcting class tests.
‡Md, median; range, minimum and maximum value.
§P value Mann-Whitney U test.
ERI, effort–reward imbalance.