First-day neonatal mortality, early neonatal mortality and small birth size infants by maternal characteristics in Bangladesh: BDHS 1996–2014
| Predictors | First-day neonatal mortality (n=21 382) n (%) | Early neonatal mortality (n=21 382) n (%) | Small birth size (n=11 022) n (%) |
| n=115 | n=274 | n=2002 | |
| Preceding birth interval in months | |||
| <36 | 49 (45.2) | 122 (45.2) | 698 (34.6) |
| 36–59 | 22 (18.8) | 70 (26.2) | 610 (31.2) |
| ≥60 | 44 (36.0) | 82 (28.6) | 694 (34.2) |
| Mother’s age at childbirth (years) | |||
| ≤19 | 20 (21.1) | 40 (16.2) | 218 (10.7) |
| 20–34 | 82 (67.5) | 200 (71.5) | 1599 (80.0) |
| ≥35 | 13 (11.4) | 34 (12.3) | 185 (9.3) |
| Birth order | |||
| 2–3 | 73 (63.3) | 163 (60.0) | 1322 (65.8) |
| ≥4 | 42 (36.7) | 111 (40.0) | 680 (34.2) |
| Maternal education | |||
| None | 40 (36.4) | 116 (42.0) | 751 (38.3) |
| Primary | 41 (33.7) | 84 (30.6) | 618 (29.0) |
| Secondary or higher | 34 (29.9) | 74 (27.4) | 633 (32.7) |
| Wealth index | |||
| Poorest quintile | 24 (19.6) | 71 (23.5) | 428 (19.6) |
| Second quintile | 24 (21.6) | 63 (24.0) | 394 (19.8) |
| Middle quintile | 24 (19.5) | 57 (22.2) | 389 (19.4) |
| Fourth quintile | 20 (20.2) | 35 (13.5) | 388 (20.7) |
| Richest quintile | 23 (19.1) | 48 (16.8) | 403 (20.5) |
| Employment status | |||
| Currently working | 34 (32.1) | 70 (28.0) | 339 (18.0) |
| Not working | 81 (67.9) | 204 (72.0) | 1663 (82.0) |
| Area of residence | |||
| Urban | 35 (20.8) | 81 (19.0) | 557 (20.1) |
| Rural | 80 (79.2) | 193 (81.0) | 1445 (79.9) |
| Maternal BMI | |||
| Underweight | 27 (23.1) | 83 (29.3) | 711 (35.3) |
| Average | 67 (59.2) | 156 (58.4) | 1069 (54.5) |
| Overweight | 16 (13.1) | 26 (9.3) | 169 (7.9) |
| Obese | 5 (4.6) | 9 (3.0) | 53 (2.3) |
| Maternal desire of pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 77 (63.3) | 171 (63.5) | 1205 (60.1) |
| No | 38 (36.7) | 103 (36.5) | 797 (39.9) |
| Ever use of contraception | |||
| Yes | 81 (72.9) | 196 (71.9) | 1605 (81.1) |
| No | 34 (27.1) | 78 (28.1) | 397 (18.9) |
| No. of ANC visits | |||
| None | 48 (43.1) | 146 (55.2) | 998 (51.4) |
| 1–3 | 46 (40.7) | 90 (32.0) | 683 (33.7) |
| ≥4 | 21 (16.2) | 38 (12.8) | 321 (14.9) |
| ANC by SBA | |||
| Yes | 56 (47.3) | 111 (38.6) | 817 (38.8) |
| No | 59 (52.7) | 163 (61.4) | 1185 (61.2) |
| History of any previous pregnancy loss | |||
| Yes | 35 (26.3) | 79 (26.2) | 435 (21.4) |
| No | 80 (73.7) | 195 (73.8) | 1567 (78.6) |
| Sex of infant | |||
| Male | 74 (64.1) | 162 (58.0) | 943 (44.9) |
| Female | 41 (35.9) | 112 (42.0) | 1059 (55.1) |
| Region | |||
| Barisal | 10 (4.2) | 28 (5.5) | 176 (4.7) |
| Chittagong | 12 (10.1) | 40 (13.9) | 463 (25.4) |
| Khulna | 10 (8.2) | 27 (9.0) | 232 (8.6) |
| Rajshahi | 27 (25.1) | 50 (20.9) | 227 (13.2) |
| Rangpur | 15 (8.0) | 47 (10.7) | 235 (8.2) |
| Sylhet | 10 (3.5) | 18 (3.5) | 281 (7.1) |
| Dhaka | 31 (40.9) | 64 (36.5) | 388 (32.8) |
| Year of survey | |||
| 1996 | 16 (14.0) | 45 (15.8) | – |
| 1999 | 13 (10.7) | 45 (15.8) | 705 (34.2) |
| 2004 | 22 (20.1) | 55 (21.2) | – |
| 2007 | 19 (17.9) | 37 (13.6) | – |
| 2011 | 29 (24.1) | 59 (21.5) | 813 (40.1) |
| 2014 | 16 (13.2) | 33 (12.1) | 484 (25.7) |
ANC, antenatal care; BDHS, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys; BMI, body mass index; SBA, skilled birth attendants.