HR of developing cancer in relation to baseline characteristics of study participants
| Crude HR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Patients | ||||
| GDM | 1.421 (1.336 to 1.512) | <0.0001 | 1.197 (1.125 to 1.274) | 0.0012 |
| Non-GDM | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| Age | ||||
| ≤20 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | ||
| 21–30 | 1.627 (1.488 to 1.779) | <0.0001 | 1.581 (1.446 to 1.729) | <0.0001 |
| 31–40 | 2.843 (2.600 to 3.109) | <0.0001 | 2.678 (2.448 to 2.930) | <0.0001 |
| 41–50 | 4.883 (4.291 to 5.556) | <0.0001 | 4.479 (3.933 to 5.100) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension (ICD-9: 401–405) | 1.471 (1.291 to 1.677) | <0.0001 | 1.114 (0.976 to 1.272) | 0.1101 |
| Dyslipidemia (ICD-9: 272) | 1.866 (1.648 to 2.113) | <0.0001 | 1.395 (1.229 to 1.583) | <0.0001 |
| Liver disease (ICD-9: 070, 571) | 1.573 (1.486 to 1.665) | <0.0001 | 1.432 (1.351 to 1.517) | <0.0001 |
| Infertility, female (ICD-9: 628) | 1.397 (1.340 to 1.457) | <0.0001 | 1.185 (1.136 to 1.236) | <0.0001 |
| Kidney disease (ICD-9: 582–3, 585–6, 588) | 2.077 (1.403 to 3.073) | 0.0003 | 1.623 (1.095 to 2.404) | 0.0159 |
GDM, gestational diabetes; ICD-9, International Classification of Disease, ninth Revision.