Clinical characteristics and methods for measurements
| Parameters | Data of 2008 (total n=1 209 118) | Methods and remarks | ||
| Substituted age (years old)* | 55.0±9.8 in total. 53.9±9.5 for men. 56.6±10.1 for women. | Actual age is unknown but classified into every 5 years. | ||
| Sex, n (%) | Men: 695 055 (57.5). Women: 514 063 (42.5). | |||
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||
| Means±SD | Ratios of methods or categories (%) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0±3.3 in total. 23.7±3.1 for men. 22.0±3.3 for women. | − | Weight (in kg) divided by height (in m2). | |
| Waist circumference (cm) (1 200 959)† | Men (690 133)† | 84.5±8.4 | − | Objectively measured. |
| Women (510 826)† | 79.3±9.6 | − | ||
| MetS (%) (1 201 807)† | MetS | 13.4 | The diagnosis is determined by Japanese criteria.19 | |
| Pre-MetS | 13.1 | |||
| Non-MetS | 72.2 | Including non-pre-MetS. | ||
| Unknown | 1.4 | Due to incomplete data. | ||
| Health guidance level (1 200 272)† | Intensive health guidance | 11.1 | Abdominal obesity‡ + risk factors§ ≥2 or risk factors§ ≥3 + BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (without abdominal obesity). | |
| Motivational health guidance | 9.6 | Abdominal obesity‡ + 1 risk factor§ or one or two risk factors§ + BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (without abdominal obesity). | ||
| Not applicable | 77.9 | |||
| Unknown | 1.5 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125±17 | 68.9 | Once measurement. | |
| 125±18 | 24.2 | First time measurement among twice measurements. | ||
| 131±19 | 6.9 | Second time measurement among twice measurements. | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77±11 | 67.5 | Once measurement. | |
| 77±12 | 24.2 | First time measurement among twice measurements. | ||
| 81±13 | 8.2 | Second time measurement among twice measurements. | ||
| Serum parameters | ||||
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) (1 208 753)† | 24±12 | 84.9 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination (Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC reference method). | |
| 23±11 | 15.1 | Others. | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) (1 208 455)b | 23±17 | 84.9 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination (JSCC reference method). | |
| 24±18 | 15.1 | Others. | ||
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) (1 208 074)† | 36±31 | 82.6 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination (JSCC reference method). | |
| 36±31 | 17.4 | Others. | ||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) (1 208 775)† | 96 (68–141) | 81.5 | Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometric determination (enzyme colorimetric/glycerol elimination methods). | |
| 97 (68–146) | 3.2 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination (enzyme colorimetric/glycerol elimination method). | ||
| 96 (66–145) | 15.3 | Other. | ||
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) (1 208 872)† | 64±17 | 80.6 | Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometric determination (direct methods [non-precipitation method]). | |
| 61±16 | 3.7 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination (direct methods [non-precipitation method]). | ||
| 63±17 | 15.7 | Other. | ||
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) (1195,947)† | 127±31 | 80.8 | Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometric determination (direct methods [non-precipitation method]). | |
| 125±31 | 3.4 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination (direct methods [non-precipitation method]). | ||
| 125±31 | 15.9 | Other. | ||
| Uric acid (mg/dL)¶ | NA | NA | NA | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)¶ | NA | NA | NA | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)¶ | NA | NA | NA | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)** (993 458)‡ | 98±19 | 29.6 | Potentiometric determination. | |
| 98±19 | 5.0 | Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometric determination. | ||
| 97±18 | 49.0 | Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination. | ||
| 97±18 | 16.4 | Other. | ||
| glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%, NGSP)** (945 345)† | 5.2±0.7 | 64.9 | Immunoassay (latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay and so on). | |
| 5.3±0.6 | 16.9 | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) determination. | ||
| 5.2±0.6 | 2.0 | Enzymatic determination. | ||
| 5.2±0.7 | 16.3 | Other. | ||
| Urine parameters | ||||
| Proteinuria (%) (1 194 283)† | 3.8 | 56.9 | Automated dipstick analysis. | |
| 3.9 | 43.1 | Visual dipstick analysis. | ||
| Glycosuria (%) (1 195 049)† | 2.0 | 57.2 | Automated dipstick analysis. | |
| 2.1 | 52.8 | Visual dipstick analysis. | ||
| Fundus oculi examination | ||||
| Keith-Wagener hypertensive retinopathy (%) (available n=13 866) | Mild (I) 5.3. Moderate– papilledema (II–IV) 1.0. | Funduscopy. | ||
| Scheie hypertensive and sclerotic retinopathy (%) (available n=15 894) | Hypertensive (1–4) 5.4. | Funduscopy. | ||
*Age groups (40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69 and 70–74 years) are replaced with 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67 and 72 years old, respectively, corresponding to the median for each category.
†Available number. No superscript means that the number is completely available (n = 1 209 118).
‡Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥85 cm for men or ≥90 cm for women.
§Numbers of risk factors: (1) fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL and/or HbA1c ≥ 5.6%, (2) triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL, (3) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg and (4) smoking (applicable only for subjects who had at least 1 risk, ranging from 1 to 3).
¶Serum uric acid, creatinine and consequently eGFR are currently unavailable but will become available in the future.
**Almost all subjects (n=1 205 956) had either fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c measured.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; JSCC, Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program.