Difference in PHQ-9 items at 6 months
| Variables | Intervention (n=333) n (%) | Control (n=350) n (%) | P values |
| PHQ-9 item 1: little interest or pleasure in doing things | 26 (7.8) | 85 (24.3) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 item 2: feeling down, depressed or hopeless | 43 (12.9) | 132 (37.7) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 item 3: trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much | 44 (13.2) | 119 (34.0) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 item 4: feeling tired or having little energy | 67 (20.1) | 187 (53.4) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 item 5: poor appetite or overeating | 25 (7.5) | 60 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 item 6: feeling bad about yourself—or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down | 17 (5.1) | 35 (10.0) | 0.016 |
| PHQ-9 item 7: trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television | 10 (3.0) | 23 (6.6) | 0.030 |
| PHQ-9 item 8: moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or so fidgety or restless that you have been moving a lot more than usual | 4 (1.2) | 8 (2.3) | 0.281 |
| PHQ-9 item 9: thoughts that you would be better off dead, or thoughts of hurting yourself in some way | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.9) | 0.694 |
PHQ-9 item 9 relating to suicidality.
PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.