Nature of association between dairy consumption and risk of cancer: evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analysis
| Type of dairy | Type of cancer | |||||||||||||
| CR | PR | OV | BR | GS | EP | Lung | NHL | EM | BL | PN | TD | Renal cell | MM | |
| All-dairy products | − | + | ∅ | − | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | |||||||
| − | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| ∅ | ||||||||||||||
| − | ||||||||||||||
| Whole milk | − | ∅ | ||||||||||||
| Milk | − | + | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||
| ∅ | ||||||||||||||
| Fermented milk | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| ∅ | ||||||||||||||
| Non-fermented milk | − | |||||||||||||
| Low-fat milk | + | ∅ | ∅ | |||||||||||
| Skim milk | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| Yogurt | ∅ | ∅ | − | ∅ | − | ∅ | ||||||||
| Cheese | ∅ | + | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||
| ∅ | ||||||||||||||
| Cottage cheese | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| Butter | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||||
| Solid cheese | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| Dairy calcium | + | ∅ | ||||||||||||
| Ice cream | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| Fermented dairy | ∅ | |||||||||||||
| Low-fat dairy | ∅ | − | ||||||||||||
| High-fat dairy | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||||||
∅, no association; −, decreased risk of cancer (p<0.05); +, increased risk of cancer (p<0.05); BL, bladder; BR, breast; CR, colorectal cancer; EM, endometrial; EP, oesophageal; GS, gastric; MM, multiple myeloma; NHL, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; OV, ovary; PN, pancreas; PR, prostate; TD, thyroid.