Nature of association between dairy consumption and risk of cancer: evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analysis
Type of dairy | Type of cancer | |||||||||||||
CR | PR | OV | BR | GS | EP | Lung | NHL | EM | BL | PN | TD | Renal cell | MM | |
All-dairy products | − | + | ∅ | − | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | |||||||
− | ∅ | |||||||||||||
∅ | ||||||||||||||
− | ||||||||||||||
Whole milk | − | ∅ | ||||||||||||
Milk | − | + | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||
∅ | ||||||||||||||
Fermented milk | ∅ | |||||||||||||
∅ | ||||||||||||||
Non-fermented milk | − | |||||||||||||
Low-fat milk | + | ∅ | ∅ | |||||||||||
Skim milk | ∅ | |||||||||||||
Yogurt | ∅ | ∅ | − | ∅ | − | ∅ | ||||||||
Cheese | ∅ | + | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||
∅ | ||||||||||||||
Cottage cheese | ∅ | |||||||||||||
Butter | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ||||||||||
Solid cheese | ∅ | |||||||||||||
Dairy calcium | + | ∅ | ||||||||||||
Ice cream | ∅ | |||||||||||||
Fermented dairy | ∅ | |||||||||||||
Low-fat dairy | ∅ | − | ||||||||||||
High-fat dairy | ∅ | ∅ |
∅, no association; −, decreased risk of cancer (p<0.05); +, increased risk of cancer (p<0.05); BL, bladder; BR, breast; CR, colorectal cancer; EM, endometrial; EP, oesophageal; GS, gastric; MM, multiple myeloma; NHL, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; OV, ovary; PN, pancreas; PR, prostate; TD, thyroid.