Table 1

Smoking status by sociodemographic characteristics, percentage are weighted

Characteristic	Total				Smoker				Non-smoker
Characteristic	N	n	%*	95% CI*	N	n	%*	95% CI*	N	N	%*	95% CI*
Gender
Male	10 515 362	2086	51.2	49.3 to 53.1	4 614 268	948	43.9	40.6 to 47.3	5 901 094	1138	56.1	52.7 to 59.4
Female	10 014 858	2164	48.8	46.9 to 50.7	132 235	41	1.3	0.9 to 2.0	9 882 622	2123	98.7	98.0 to 99.1
Ethnicity
Malay	12 083 159	2531	58.9	55.0 to 62.6	2 971 076	604	24.6	22.1 to 27.3	9 112 083	1927	75.4	72.7 to 77.9
Chinese	3 808 989	641	18.6	15.7 to 21.8	585 541	89	15.4	12.0 to 19.5	3 223 448	552	84.6	80.5 to 88.0
Indian	1 923 013	263	9.4	7.5 to 11.6	376 235	51	19.6	14.2 to 26.4	1 546 778	212	80.4	73.6 to 85.8
Others	2 715 058	815	13.2	11.2 to 15.6	813 651	245	30.0	25.1 to 35.3	1 901 407	570	70.0	64.7 to 74.9
Age group (years)
15–24	5 689 674	742	27.7	25.7 to 29.8	948 903	138	16.7	13.6 to 20.3	4 740 770	604	83.3	79.7 to 86.4
25–44	8 525 991	1768	41.5	39.4 to 43.7	2 474 247	486	29.0	26.1 to 32.2	6 051 743	1282	71.0	67.8 to 73.9
45–64	4 860 331	1326	23.7	22.0 to 25.5	1 105 144	303	22.7	19.8 to 25.9	3 755 186	1023	77.3	74.1 to 80.2
65 and above	1 454 225	414	7.1	6.1 to 8.2	218 208	62	15.0	11.2 to 19.9	1 236 016	352	85.0	80.1 to 88.8
Educational attainment
Less than primary	2 061 180	651	10.1	8.9 to 11.4	406 951	122	19.7	15.9 to 24.2	1 654 229	529	80.3	75.8 to 84.1
Primary education	6 286 532	1393	30.8	28.7 to 32.8	1 528 387	351	24.3	21.0 to 27.9	4 758 144	1042	75.7	72.1 to 79.0
Secondary/high school	9 515 856	1779	46.6	44.4 to 48.7	2 392 653	442	25.1	22.4 to 28.1	7123 202	1337	74.9	71.9 to 77.6
College or above	2 576 026	406	12.6	10.9 to 14.5	393 812	67	15.3	11.6 to 19.6	2 182 214	339	84.7	80.1 to 88.4
Residential area
Urban	14 807 892	2065	72.1	70.6 to 73.6	3 357 187	453	22.7	20.2 to 25.4	11 450 705	1612	77.3	74.6 to 79.8
Rural	5 722 329	2185	27.9	26.4 to 29.4	1 389 318	536	24.3	22.0 to 26.7	4 333 011	1649	75.7	73.3 to 78.0
Income level
Quintile 5	5 946 366	846	29.3	26.9 to 31.9	1 015 628	149	17.1	14.0 to 21.7	4 903 738	697	82.9	79.3 to 86.0
Quintile 4	4 718 554	842	23.3	21.6 to 26.1	904 757	155	19.2	15.8 to 23.1	3 813 797	687	80.8	76.9 to 84.2
Quintile 3	4 184 595	822	20.6	18.9 to 22.5	1 180 520	221	28.2	24.0 to 32.9	3 004 075	601	71.8	67.1 to 76.0
Quintile 2	3 120 933	829	15.4	13.9 to 17.0	841 300	202	27.0	22.5 to 31.9	2 279 633	627	73.0	68.1 to 77.5
Quintile 1	2 304 748	844	11.4	10.0 to 12.9	737 677	245	32.0	27.3 to 37.1	1 567 071	599	68.0	62.9 to 72.7
Marital status
Single	7 195 864	1042	35.1	32.9 to 37.4	1 801 015	288	25.0	21.8 to 28.6	5 394 849	754	75.0	71.4 to 78.2
Married	12 003 068	2712	58.5	56.2 to 60.8	2 780 528	618	23.2	20.8 to 25.7	9 222 539	2094	76.8	74.3 to 79.2
Widow/widower/separated	1 302 970	490	6.4	5.6 to 7.2	158 032	81	12.1	8.8 to 16.4	1 144 937	409	87.9	83.6 to 91.2
Occupation
Government	1 807 870	397	8.8	7.7 to 10.0	472 230	104	26.1	21.3 to 31.7	1 335 639	293	73.9	68.3 to 78.7
Non-government	6 576 084	1112	32.1	29.6 to 34.7	2 258 905	385	34.4	30.7 to 38.2	4 317 179	727	65.6	61.8 to 69.3
Self-employed	3 108 054	843	15.2	13.7 to 16.7	138 551	364	44.6	39.3 to 50.0	1 722 541	479	55.4	50.0 to 60.7
Home maker	8 123 079	1707	39.6	37.4 to 41.9	466 281	97	5.7	4.4 to 7.4	7 656 797	1610	94.3	92.6 to 95.6
Others	886 674	187	4.3	3.5 to 5.4	156 962	38	17.7	11.7 to 21.8	739 712	149	82.3	74.2 to 88.3
Self-reported smoking policy at work
Smoking is allowed anywhere/there is no policy	1 037 109	190	13.9	11.4 to 16.9	520 751	88	50.2	39.5 to 60.9	516 358	102	49.8	39.1 to 60.5
Smoking is allowed only in some indoor areas	2 391 101	419	32.1	28.7 to 35.7	1 007 033	165	42.1	35.6 to 49.0	1 384 068	254	57.9	51.0 to 64.4
Smoking is not allowed in any indoor areas	4 011 383	734	53.9	50.2 to 57.6	934 043	185	23.3	19.3 to 27.8	3 077 339	549	76.7	72.2 to 80.7

*Weighted values based on estimated population.
N, estimated population; n, study sample.