Characteristics of prospective studies comparing combination of topical and intravenous tranexamic acid with single tranexamic acid in patients receiving total knee or hip arthroplasty
| Author (year) | Sample size | Region | Mean age | Female (%) | Surgery | Combination regimen | Single regimen | Transfusion threshold | Tourniquet use | TP | Jadad score |
| Huang et al (2014)52 | 184 | China | 65 | 64 | Unilateral TKA | Intravenous: 1.5 g+topical: 1.5 g | Intravenous: 3 g | Hb<0.7 g/L, anaemic symptoms/organ dysfunction when Hb<1 g/L | Yes | LMWH | 5 |
| Lin et al (2015)53 | 120 | China | 71 | 79 | Unilateral TKA | Intravenous: 1 g+topical: 1 g | Topical: 1 g | Hb<0.8 g/L, anaemic symptoms/organ dysfunction when Hb<0.9 g/L | Yes | Rivaroxaban | 3 |
| Nielsen et al (2016)55 | 60 | Denmark | 64 | 53 | Unilateral TKA | Intravenous: 1 g+topical: 3 g | Intravenous: 1 g | Hb<0.75 g/L, Hb<1 g/L with CHD, anaemic symptoms with Hb drop>25% | No | Rivaroxaban | 5 |
| Jain et al (2016)54 | 119 | India | 69 | 63 | Unilateral TKA | Intravenous: (15 mg/kg preoperative+10 mg/kg postoperative)+topical: 2 g | Intravenous: 15 mg/kg preoperative+10 mg/kg postoperative | Hb<0.7 g/L, anaemic symptoms/organ dysfunction when Hb<0.8 g/L | Yes | Aspirin | 3 |
| Yi et al (2016)57 | 100 | China | 534 | 47 | THA | Intravenous: 15 mg/kg+topical: 1 g | Intravenous: 15 mg/kg | Hb<0.7 g/L, anaemic symptoms/organ dysfunction when Hb<1 g/L | NA | Enoxaparin | 5 |
| Xie et al (2016)32 | 210 | China | 61 | 68 | THA | Intravenous: 1 g+topical: 2 g | Intravenous: 1.5 g, topical 3 g | Hb<0.7 g/L, anaemic symptoms/organ dysfunction when Hb<1 g/L | NA | Enoxaparin | 5 |
| Wu et al (2016)56 | 84 | China | 60 | 48 | THA | Intravenous: 15 mg/kg+topical: 3 g | Intravenous: 15 mg/kg | Hb<0.8 g/L, anaemic symptoms | NA | LMWH | 3 |
Hb, haemoglobin; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; NA, not available; THA, total hip arthroplasty; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; TP, thromboembolism prophylaxis.