Associations of elevated frailty risk groups with adverse clinical outcomes the low frailty risk group
| Outcome | Overall, n (%) | Low risk, n (%) | Intermediate risk, n (%) | High risk, n (%) | P value | Intermediate risk, OR (95% CI), P value | High risk, OR (95% CI), P value | ||
| Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | ||||||
| All-cause 30-day mortality | 524 (10.7%) | 221 (7.1%) | 267 (16.2%) | 36 (25.2%) | <0.001 | 2.53 (2.09 to 3.06), p<0.001 | 2.65 (2.17 to 3.25), p<0.001 | 4.4 (2.94 to 6.57), p<0.001 | 4.83 (3.17 to 7.37), p<0.001 |
| Length of stay, median (IQR)* | 5 (2, 9) | 4 (2, 7) | 7 (4, 12) | 11.5 (7, 18) | <0.001 | 3.74 (3.34 to 4.14), p<0.001 | 3.77 (3.39 to 4.15), p<0.001 | 10.04 (8.92 to 11.16), p<0.001 | 10.07 (9.02 to 11.13), p<0.001 |
| Long hospital stay >10 days | 1010 (20.4%) | 386 (12.3%) | 543 (32.7%) | 81 (56.2%) | <0.001 | 3.47 (2.99 to 4.02), p<0.001 | 3.66 (3.14 to 4.28), p<0.001 | 9.21 (6.51 to 13.01), p<0.001 | 9.75 (6.83 to 13.92), p<0.001 |
| 30-day readmission | 586 (11.8%) | 372 (11.8%) | 195 (11.7%) | 19 (13.2%) | 0.87 | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.24), p=0.643 | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.24), p=0.69 | 1.47 (0.95 to 2.26), p=0.081 | 1.67 (1.08 to 2.59), p=0.022 |
| Functional impairment, n (%) | |||||||||
| Barthel Index, median (IQR)* | 95 (70, 100) | 100 (85, 100) | 80 (55, 100) | 50 (20, 75) | <0.001 | −15.76 (-17.87 to −13.64), p<0.001 | −14.59 (-16.69 to −12.48), p<0.001 | −40.55 (-47.01 to −34.09), p<0.001 | −39.7 (-46.06 to −33.33), p<0.001 |
| Barthel Index <95 points | 1052 (46.5%) | 529 (36.3%) | 472 (62.9%) | 51 (92.7%) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.48 to 3.58), p<0.001 | 2.87 (2.37 to 3.47), p<0.001 | 22.37 (8.04 to 62.23), p<0.001 | 25.03 (8.91 to 70.32), p<0.001 |
| Quality of life, n(%) | |||||||||
| Impairment of mobility | 408 (18.0%) | 162 (11.1%) | 217 (28.9%) | 29 (51.8%) | <0.001 | 3.25 (2.59 to 4.08), Pp<0.001 | 3.1 (2.46 to 3.92), p<0.001 | 8.61 (4.97 to 14.91), p<0.001 | 8.45 (4.82 to 14.81), p<0.001 |
| Impairment of self-care | 1010 (44.5%) | 480 (32.9%) | 484 (64.4%) | 46 (82.1%) | <0.001 | 3.69 (3.07 to 4.44), p<0.001 | 3.63 (2.99 to 4.4), p<0.001 | 9.40 (4.7 to 18.79), p<0.001 | 9.59 (4.74 to 19.41), p<0.001 |
| Impairment of usual activities | 1366 (60.2%) | 767 (52.5%) | 553 (73.5%) | 46 (82.1%) | <0.001 | 2.51 (2.08 to 3.05), p<0.001 | 2.35 (1.92 to 2.87), p<0.001 | 4.16 (2.08 to 8.31), p<0.001 | 3.98 (1.97 to 8.06), p<0.001 |
| Pain/discomfort | 910 (42.7%) | 574 (40.8%) | 314 (46.3%) | 22 (48.9%) | 0.039 | 1.25 (1.04 to 1.51), p=0.017 | 1.21 (1 to 1.47), p=0.047 | 1.39 (0.77 to 2.52), p=0.278 | 1.28 (0.7 to 2.33), p=0.43 |
| Anxiety/depression | 629 (30.3%) | 394 (28.2%) | 213 (33.2%) | 22 (56.4%) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.03 to 1.55), p=0.023 | 1.26 (1.02 to 1.55), p=0.029 | 3.29 (1.73 to 6.26), p<0.001 | 3.11 (1.62 to 5.99), p=0.001 |
| EQ-VAS, mean (SD)* | 70.8 (18.3) | 72.1 (17.9) | 68.2 (19.0) | 61.8 (17.6) | <0.001 | −3.9 (-5.83 to −1.97), p<0.001 | −3.75 (-5.69 to −1.81), p<0.001 | −10.3 (-17.53 to −3.08), p=0.005 | −11.12 (-18.29 to −3.94), p=0.002 |
| Discharge other than home | 1092 (22.0%) | 504 (16.0%) | 530 (31.9%) | 58 (40.3%) | <0.001 | 2.46 (2.13 to 2.83), p<0.001 | 2.53 (2.18 to 2.92), p<0.001 | 3.54 (2.5 to 5.01), p<0.001 | 3.81 (2.68 to 5.42), p<0.001 |
Quality of life measures were adapted from EQ-5D. We dichotomised levels into ‘no impairment’ (level 1) and ‘impairment’ (levels 2 and 3). Frequencies of reported impairment (levels 2 and 3) were analysed.
The fully adjusted model was adjusted for age, gender and comorbidities not included in the score.
*Linear regression analyses were calculated reporting regression coefficient, 95% CI, p value.
EQ-VAS, EuroQol visual analogue health scale.