Risk factors for PDM in respiratory infection studies
| Article | Risk factor category | Mortality risk factor on admission | Estimate type | Estimate (95% CI) | Adjusted |
| West et al 33 | No data | ||||
| Villamor et al 17 | Age | Age 6–11 m (ref: >24 m) | HR | 3.70 (1.72 to 7.95) | Yes |
| Age 12–23 m (ref: >24 m) | HR | 3.14 (1.44 to 6.88) | Yes | ||
| Comorbid conditions | HIV positive | HR | 3.92 (2.34 to 6.55) | Yes | |
| Diagnosis | Severe pneumonia on admission | HR | 2.47 (1.59 to 3.85) | Yes | |
| Growth parameters | Stunted at baseline (2 z-scores (NCHS/WHO reference) in height-for-age Wasted children were 2 z-scores in weight-for-height) | HR | 2.12 (1.31 to 3.42) | Yes | |
| Low MUAC at baseline (25th percentile of the population age-specific distribution) | HR | 1.88 (1.16 to 3.03) | Yes | ||
| Labs/Assessments | Haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration<7.00 (g/dL) (ref: Hgb concentration>10 g/dL) | HR | 2.55 (1.13 to 5.77) | Yes | |
| Hgb concentration 7.01–8.50 g/dL (ref: Hgb concentration>10 g/dL) | HR | 2.81 (1.24 to 6.37) | Yes | ||
| Hgb concentration 8.51–10.00 g/dL (ref: Hgb concentration>10 g/dL) | HR | 1.76 (0.75 to 4.10) | Yes | ||
| Maternal influence | Maternal education—elementary (ref: no maternal education) | HR | 0.84 (0.48 to 1.49) | Yes | |
| Maternal education—secondary or higher (ref: no maternal education) | HR | 0.27 (0.06 to 1.17) | Yes | ||
| Mother works outside home | HR | 0.61 (0.36 to 1.03) | Yes | ||
| Mother not living with partner | HR | 1.60 (1.00 to 2.57) | Yes | ||
| Sex | Male | HR | 0.98 (0.65 to 1.48) | Yes | |
| Social determinants of health | Water tap in compound (ref: water tap in house) | HR | 1.40 (0.60 to 3.29) | Yes | |
| Water tap outside compound (ref: water tap in house) | HR | 2.27 (1.02 to 5.03) | Yes | ||
| Public well (ref: water tap in house) | HR | 2.92 (1.03 to 8.30) | Yes | ||
| Ashraf et al 34 | No data | ||||
| Reddy et al 35 | Intervention | Not receiving anti-TB medication (predictor of death within 2 weeks of admission) | OR | 0.25 (0.03 to 2.00) | No |
| Not receiving anti-TB medication (predictor of death within 8 weeks of admission) | OR | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.96) | No | ||
| Chhibber et al 16 | Age | Age (m) | HR | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) | Yes |
| Comorbid conditions | Sepsis with clinically severe malnutrition (CSM); (ref: pneumonia without CSM) | HR | 18.4 (11.3 to 30.0) | Yes | |
| Meningitis with CSM (ref: pneumonia without CSM) | HR | 13.7 (4.2 to 44.7) | Yes | ||
| Pneumonia with CSM (ref: pneumonia without CSM) | HR | 8.1 (4.4 to 14.8) | Yes | ||
| Meningitis without CSM (ref: pneumonia without CSM) | HR | 2.6 (1.2 to 5.5) | Yes | ||
| Sepsis without CSM (ref: pneumonia without CSM) | HR | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.3) | Yes | ||
| Growth parameters | MUAC 11.5–13.0 cm (ref: MUAC>13 cm) | HR | 7.19 (3.04 to 17.01) | Yes | |
| MUAC 10.5–11.4 cm (ref: MUAC>13 cm) | HR | 24.2 (9.4 to 61.9) | Yes | ||
| MUAC<10.5 cm (ref: MUAC>13 cm) | HR | 43.7 (17.7 to 108.0) | Yes | ||
| Hospital stay | Non-medical discharge | HR | 4.68 (2.01 to 10.85) | Yes | |
| Labs/Assessments | Hgb concentration (g/dL) | HR | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.91) | Yes | |
| Social determinants of health | Dry season | HR | 1.96 (1.16 to 3.32) | Yes | |
| Sym | Neck stiffness | HR | 10.4 (3.1 to 34.8) | Yes | |
| Vital signs | Axillary temperature (°C) | HR | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.87) | Yes | |
| SpO2 (%) | HR | 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99) | Yes | ||
| Ngari et al 18 | Age | Age 12–23 m (ref: age>24 m) | HR | 1.0 (0.1 to 9.6) | Yes |
| Age 6–11 m (ref: age>24 m) | HR | 5.8 (0.8 to 40.5) | Yes | ||
| Age<6 m (ref: age>24 m) | HR | 4.8 (0.7 to 34.1) | Yes | ||
| Comorbid conditions | Reported preterm/low birth weight | HR | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.8) | Yes | |
| HIV antibody test positive | HR | 6.5 (2.3 to 18.4) | Yes | ||
| HIV test not performed | HR | 0.4 (0.1 to 3.6) | Yes | ||
| RSV test positive | HR | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) | Yes | ||
| RSV test not performed | HR | 2.7 (1.2 to 6.3) | Yes | ||
| Malaria slide positive | HR | 0.5 (0.1 to 5.2) | Yes | ||
| Bacteraemia | HR | 0.8 (0.1 to 5.2) | Yes | ||
| Growth parameters | MUAC per cm | HR | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | Yes | |
| Hospital stay | Duration of hospitalisation (per day) | HR | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | Yes | |
| Hospital stay | Year of admission 2008 (ref: 2007 admission year) | HR | 0.9 (0.3 to 3.1) | Yes | |
| Year of admission 2009 (ref: 2007 admission year) | HR | 0.5 (0.1 to 2.1) | Yes | ||
| Year of admission 2010 (ref: 2007 admission year) | HR | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.5) | Yes | ||
| Year of admission 2011 (ref: 2007 admission year) | HR | 1.7 (0.5 to 5.3) | Yes | ||
| Year of admission 2012 (ref: 2007 admission year) | HR | 1.8 (0.2 to 15.7) | Yes | ||
| Labs/Assessments | Severe anaemia (Hgb<5 g/dL) | HR | 0.8 (0.1 to 7.5) | Yes | |
| Sex | Female | HR | 0.5 (0.3 to 1.1) | Yes | |
| Social determinants of health | Residence distance from hospital (per km) | HR | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | Yes | |
| Symptoms | Capillary refill>2 s | HR | 2.4 (0.5 to 12.1) | Yes | |
| Impaired consciousness | HR | 1.1 (0.2 to 7.8) | Yes | ||
| Wheezing | HR | 0.5 (0.1 to 2.4) | Yes | ||
| Cough for>14 days | HR | 0.2 (0.1 to 5.5) | Yes | ||
| Jaundice | HR | 12.5 (1.1 to 13.7) | Yes | ||
| Vital signs | Hypoxia (SaO2<90%) | HR | 1.9 (0.7 to 5.4) | Yes | |
| Axillary temperature<36°C (ref: axillary temperature 36°C–39°C) | HR | 0.3 (0.1 to 2.8) | Yes | ||
| Axillary temperature>39°C (ref: axillary temperature 36°C–39°C) | HR | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.0) | Yes | ||
| Newberry et al 36 | Intervention | Prednisone (ref: placebo) | RR | 0.63 (0.41 to 0.95) | |
Bolded values are statistically significant.
m, month; NCHS, National Center for Health Statistics; PDM, postdischarge mortality; RR, relative risk; TB, tuberculosis.