Table 3

Changes applied to the ACE-III Urdu

Item	Suggestions	Justification
5a: Fluency	The letter ک was shown when giving the example of the task.	Participants would become confused when listening to the demonstrative example of the task, focusing on the letter ک and confusing it with the similar sounding letter ق. Showing it would allow participants to know which letter we were referring to.
6: Memory	The address was changed to 73, Station Road, Stockport, Cheshire.	The address, though a UK address, was deemed too difficult to pronounce for the average Urdu-speaking person. Participants would struggle to repeat the words, and this affected their ability to memorise them. An address that used elements better known to the British Urdu-speaking elderly was developed.
12: Language	i. The image for a book was changed. ii. The image for the suitcase was changed. iii. The image for the bear was changed.	According to some participants, the image for a book could be mistaken for a folder as the pages were not clear. This was changed to a clearer image of a book. According to some participants, the image of the suitcase could be confused with other objects such as a plain box or a toaster. This was changed to the image of a more modern wheeled suitcase. The image of the bear was not clear and participants would confuse it for other four-legged wild animals. This was changed to a more realistic and clearer image of a bear.
13: Language	Questions were rephrased slightly: ‘Which one is related to our head’ and ‘These days, which one is related to travel’.	The questions were rephrased slightly for clarification. Participants would become confused when referring to ‘the head’ and were able to understand better when changed to ‘our head’. Participants would often indicate a camel when asked, ‘Which one is related to travel’ due to historical context. Changing it to include ‘these days’, allowed for participants to automatically consider the suitcase as the only option.
17: Visuospatial Abilities	The letters were erased further.	The letters were considered easily recognisable by participants at the current level of erasure so more was required.
18: Memory	Refer to Item 6: Memory.	Refer to Item 6: Memory.
19: Memory	Alternate address elements were developed in line with the changes made to the original address: Station Place/Oak Road, Kingsbridge/Longsight.	Refer to Item 6: Memory.