Observed mean (SD) at baseline and 3 months, and estimated differences (95% CIs) within groups from baseline to 3 months and difference between groups at 3 months
| Group | Observed | Estimated | |||||
| Within groups Baseline to 3 months | Between groups 3 months | ||||||
| Baseline mean (SD) | 3 months mean (SD) | Difference (95% CI) | P value | Difference (95% CI) | P value | ||
| PAM-13 | INTV | 63.9 (13.2) | 64.3 (14.3) | 0.4 (−2.9 to 3.6) | 0.829 | −0.5 (−4.8 to 3.7) | 0.802 |
| (0–100)↑ | CTRL | 63.0 (12.9) | 64.2 (12.0) | 0.9 (−2.3 to 4.0) | 0.576 | ||
| BPI, severity | INTV | 18.2 (6.5) | 17.1 (7.2) | −1.1 (−2.6 to 0.5) | 0.171 | −0.6 (−2.6 to 1.5) | 0.599 |
| (0–10)↓ | CTRL | 18.8 (5.6) | 18.1 (7.7) | −0.5 (−2.1 to 1.0) | 0.520 | ||
| BPI, interference | INTV | 29.2 (14.0) | 28.4 (13.9) | −1.5 (−5.1 to 2.1) | 0.419 | −0.3 (−5.1 to 4.6) | 0.913 |
| (0–10)↓ | CTRL | 32.6 (13.1) | 30.1 (17.5) | −1.2 (−4.9 to 2.4) | 0.516 | ||
| BPI, pain relief | INTV | 3.4 (3.3) | 4.0 (3.2) | 0.6 (−0.1 to 1.2) | 0.115 | 1.0 (0.01 to 1.9) | 0.047 |
| (0–10)↑ | CTRL | 3.5 (2.9) | 3.0 (2.8) | −0.4 (−1.1 to 0.3) | 0.268 | ||
| VAS, Pain last week | INTV | 62.7 (18.2) | 54.8 (20.2) | −7.9 (−13.1 to −2.7) | 0.003 | −1.4 (−8.0 to 5.3) | 0.691 |
| (0–100)↓ | CTRL | 62.8 (15.1) | 56.1 (20.6) | −6.6 (−11.8 to −1.4) | 0.014 | ||
| HADS, depression | INTV | 4.4 (3.0) | 4.6 (3.4) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) | 0.844 | 0.03 (−0.9 to 1.0) | 0.955 |
| (0–21)↓ | CTRL | 5.1 (3.1) | 4.9 (3.7) | 0.04 (−0.7 to 0.7) | 0.902 | ||
| HADS, anxiety | INTV | 7.8 (3.4) | 7.5 (4.2) | −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.2) | 0.159 | −0.7 (−1.6 to 0.2) | 0.147 |
| (0–21)↓ | CTRL | 8.1 (3.6) | 8.3 (3.7) | 0.2 (−0.5 to 0.8) | 0.558 | ||
| PSEQ | INTV | 38.1 (10.5) | 38.7 (12.0) | 0.7 (−1.9 to 3.2) | 0.594 | 1.7 (−1.7 to 5.1) | 0.332 |
| (0–60)↑ | CTRL | 37.5 (10.4) | 37.0 (11.7) | −1.0 (−3.5 to 1.5) | 0.439 | ||
| SOC-13 | INTV | 61.4 (12.4) | 62.1 (13.4) | 0.6 (−1.6 to 2.8) | 0.590 | 0.1 (−3.0 to 3.1) | 0.972 |
| (13- 91)↑ | CTRL | 61.8 (13.0) | 62.8 (12.7) | 0.6 (−1.7 to 2.8) | 0.623 | ||
| EQ-5D-5L | INTV | 0.63 (0.14) | 0.61 (0.16) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | 0.641 | −0.04 (−0.1 to 0.01) | 0.095 |
| (0–1)↑ | CTRL | 0.61 (0.14) | 0.64 (0.18) | 0.02 (−0.003 to 0.06) | 0.071 | ||
| AIOS | INTV | 46.3 (21.3) | 44.8 (18.9) | −1.0 (−6.6 to 4.6) | 0.729 | 2.3 (−4.9 to 9.4) | 0.531 |
| (0–100)↑ | CTRL | 43.4 (18.5) | 41.3 (19.5) | −3.3 (−8.8 to 2.3) | 0.251 | ||
| Global health | INTV | 2.1 (0.89) | 2.4 (0.93) | 0.2 (0.01 to 0.4) | 0.032 | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 0.153 |
| (1- 5)↑ | CTRL | 2.2 (0.69) | 2.2 (0.88) | 0.02 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.846 | ||
| Physical activity | INTV | 4.0 (0.87) | 4.0 (1.06) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.527 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | 0.557 |
| (1- 5)↑ | CTRL | 4.0 (1.02) | 3.9 (0.73) | −0.01 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.875 | ||
| 30 s chair to stand | INTV | 12.5 (4.1) | 12.6 (5.6) | 0.2 (−0.8 to 1.2) | 0.660 | −0.7 (−2.0 to 0.7) | 0.353 |
| ↑ | CTRL | 11.5 (4.0) | 12.7 (4.7) | 0.9 (−0.1 to 1.9) | 0.086 | ||
Estimates presented are from linear mixed effects model (unadjusted) without random slope.
The numbers of participants for each outcome at 3 months varied between 97 and 104 due to some missing responses
↑Increase in scores indicates improvement.
↓Decrease in scores indicates improvement.
AIOS, Arizona Integrative Outcome Scale; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; CTRL, control group; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQoL 5 dimensions 5 level; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; INTV, intervention group; PAM-13, Patient Activation Measure; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; SOC-13, Sense of Coherence; VAS, visual analogue scale.