Male | Female | |||||||||||
Violence perpetration | Violence victimisation | Violence perpetration | Violence victimisation | |||||||||
AOR | 95% CIs | P values | AOR | 95% CIs | P values | AOR | 95% CIs | P values | AOR | 95% CIs | P values | |
ACE count | ||||||||||||
0 | Ref | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
1 | 2.00 | 1.17 to 3.42 | 0.012 | 2.16 | 1.37 to 3.40 | <0.001 | 1.54 | 0.97 to 2.46 | 0.069 | 1.66 | 1.04 to 2.65 | 0.032 |
2–3 | 4.45 | 2.75 to 7.18 | <0.001 | 3.44 | 2.22 to 5.33 | <0.001 | 4.80 | 3.28 to 7.03 | <0.001 | 5.94 | 4.09 to 8.63 | <0.001 |
≥4 | 6.89 | 4.00 to 11.87 | <0.001 | 5.61 | 3.41 to 9.25 | <0.001 | 9.55 | 6.62 to 13.79 | <0.001 | 9.88 | 6.83 to 14.30 | <0.001 |
AUDIT-C ≥5 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2.80 | 1.81 to 4.34 | <0.001 | 2.72 | 1.86 to 3.97 | <0.001 | 1.79 | 1.34 to 2.38 | <0.001 | 1.80 | 1.36 to 2.38 | <0.001 |
Age group | ||||||||||||
18–29 | Ref | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
30–39 | 0.38 | 0.28 to 0.51 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.28 to 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.78 | 0.55 to 1.11 | 0.185 | 0.65 | 0.46 to 0.91 | 0.011 |
40–49 | 0.21 | 0.15 to 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.20 to 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.44 to 0.90 | 0.012 | 0.47 | 0.33 to 0.67 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 0.15 | 0.10 to 0.24 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.09 to 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.17 to 0.49 | <0.001 | 0.35 | 0.22 to 0.55 | <0.001 |
60–69 | 0.07 | 0.04 to 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.05 to 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.17 to 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.04 to 0.22 | <0.001 |
Deprivation | ||||||||||||
1 (least) | Ref | 0.439 | 0.930 | 0.780 | 0.161 | |||||||
2 | 1.31 | 0.90 to 1.93 | 0.164 | 1.07 | 0.75 to 1.53 | 0.707 | 1.21 | 0.77 to 1.90 | 0.412 | 1.66 | 1.05 to 2.65 | 0.031 |
3 | 1.02 | 0.68 to 1.51 | 0.937 | 1.12 | 0.78 to 1.59 | 0.545 | 1.20 | 0.76 to 1.90 | 0.436 | 1.35 | 0.83 to 2.19 | 0.227 |
4 | 1.25 | 0.86 to 1.83 | 0.246 | 1.17 | 0.83 to 1.66 | 0.369 | 1.32 | 0.86 to 2.05 | 0.207 | 1.56 | 0.99 to 2.47 | 0.057 |
5 (most) | 1.30 | 0.89 to 1.90 | 0.175 | 1.09 | 0.77 to 1.55 | 0.624 | 1.12 | 0.73 to 1.72 | 0.610 | 1.71 | 1.08 to 2.72 | 0.022 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
White | Ref | 0.549 | 0.288 | 0.857 | 0.828 | |||||||
Asian | 1.17 | 0.76 to 1.81 | 0.469 | 0.70 | 0.45 to 1.09 | 0.117 | 1.15 | 0.69 to 1.91 | 0.605 | 1.08 | 0.64 to 1.84 | 0.773 |
Other | 0.80 | 0.45 to 1.43 | 0.456 | 0.92 | 0.55 to 1.53 | 0.748 | 1.08 | 0.60 to 1.97 | 0.793 | 1.18 | 0.68 to 2.05 | 0.568 |
Study sample | ||||||||||||
England | Ref | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.905 | 0.262 | |||||||
Wales | 1.33 | 0.97 to 1.84 | 0.079 | 1.37 | 1.02 to 1.83 | 0.036 | 1.09 | 0.72 to 1.64 | 0.697 | 1.05 | 0.71 to 1.56 | 0.812 |
South England | 0.76 | 0.56 to 1.03 | 0.078 | 0.67 | 0.50 to 0.89 | 0.005 | 0.93 | 0.67 to 1.31 | 0.689 | 0.85 | 0.61 to 1.17 | 0.318 |
North England | 1.51 | 1.02 to 2.24 | 0.041 | 1.53 | 1.06 to 2.19 | 0.022 | 1.02 | 0.64 to 1.62 | 0.939 | 0.67 | 0.42 to 1.08 | 0.101 |
ACE count*AUDIT-C ≥5 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.732 | 0.187 | ||||||||
ACE count*age | 0.444 | 0.943 | 0.431 | 0.524 | ||||||||
AUDIT-C ≥5*age | 0.730 | 0.400 | 0.841 | 0.582 |
Recent, last 12 months. The p values in Ref rows and for interactive variable refer to overall contribution on model term. Other p values compare individual categories with reference category. Only overall significance levels are shown for interactive variables with individual category effects visualised in figure 1.
ACE, adverse childhood experiences; AOR, adjusted OR; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption.