Table 3

Overview of Health Economics frameworks, outcome measures, perspective and format for presenting results

Health economics framework	Outcome measure	Perspective	Format for presenting results
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)	EQ-5D	Health and personal social services	Incremental cost/QALY
Cost-capability well-being analysis	ICECAP-O	Health and personal social services	Incremental cost/year in full capability
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)	Sitting time	Health and personal social services	Incremental cost/unit of reduction in sitting time
	Physical activity	Health and personal social services	Incremental cost /10% of daily step count increase
	+ utility measures used in the CUA, as above
Cost consequence analysis (CCA)	Incremental cost of the SMS+ERS intervention versus comparator, to be compared with the change in secondary outcome (eg, physical function, muscle function, anxiety, disability fear of falling)	Societal	Cost/change in multiple outcomes, for example, change in physical function; change in muscle function; change in QALY/years in full capability; change in daily step counts
Cost consequence analysis (CCA)	+ utility measures used in the CUA and effectiveness measures used in the CEA, as above

ERS, exercise referral scheme; ICECAP-O, ICEpop Capability Measure for Older People; QALY, quality-adjusted life-years; SMS, self-management strategies.