Any one SNRI and mirtazapine | Any one SSRI and mirtazapine | Any two SSRIs | Citalopram | Escitalopram | Fluoxetine | Mirtazapine | Venlafaxine | |
Age (year increment) | 1.05 (1.03–1.04)* | 1.03 (1.02–1.04)* | 0.98 (0.96–0.99)** | 1.01 (1.00–1.02)** | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.98 (0.96–0.98)* | 1.03 (1.02–1.04)* | 1.03 (1.02–1.03)* |
Male gender† | 0.97 (0.57–1.76) | 1.33 (0.84–2.09) | 0.95 (0.56–1.61) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 1.07 (0.56–2.01) | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 2.57 (1.85–3.57)* | 1.16 (0.76–1.76) |
Past inpatient: yes‡ | 1.09 (0.47–1.54) | 1.26 (0.59–2.70) | 0.97 (0.42–2.27) | 0.80 (0.43–1.88) | 0.60 (0.14–2.60) | 0.48 (0.21–1.07) | 0.68 (0.37–1.27) | 0.70 (0.32–1.54) |
Past benzodiazepine use: yes‡ | 1.30 (0.70–2.81) | 1.03 (0.55–1.90) | 1.63 (0.82–3.25) | 1.60 (0.94–2.73) | 1.77 (0.78–4.01) | 0.97 (0.53–1.77) | 1.58 (1.00–2.50) | 1.63 (0.94–2.81) |
Past antipsychotic use: yes‡ | 1.78 (1.03–2.36)** | 1.17 (0.69–1.99) | 0.91 (0.49–1.70) | 0.99 (0.63–1.60) | 1.53 (0.77–3.07) | 0.74 (0.46–1.17) | 1.19 (0.80–1.75) | 1.47 (0.91–2.36) |
Past mood stabiliser use: yes‡ | 2.38 (1.04–6.34)** | 1.23 (0.47–3.20) | 1.50 (0.50–4.36) | 0.99 (0.40–2.42) | 2.60 (0.93–7.27) | 1.65 (0.71–3.86) | 1.23 (0.60–2.55) | 2.96 (1.44–6.08)** |
Past antidepressant use: yes‡ | 3.06 (1.34–7.85)** | 0.95 (0.50–1.78) | 0.59 (0.31–1.10) | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 1.27 (0.55–2.94) | 1.42 (0.88–2.30) | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 1.10 (0.62–1.96) |
Has had psychotherapy treatment before: yes‡ | 0.67 (0.31–1.51) | 0.91 (0.45–1.75) | 0.88 (0.42–1.86) | 0.51 (0.27–0.98)** | 1.17 (0.48–2.89) | 0.91 (0.51–1.64) | 0.55 (0.32–0.94)** | 0.81 (0.43–1.52) |
Has been referred to IAPT services: yes‡ | 1.90 (1.15–1.91)** | 1.02 (0.65–1.60) | 0.81 (0.50–1.33) | 0.96 (0.68–1.37) | 1.18 (0.64–2.17) | 0.62 (0.43–0.91)* | 0.88 (0.63–1.22) | 0.79 (0.53–1.20) |
Psychotic symptom: ≥2 mentions§ | 0.82 (0.38–1.89) | 1.54 (0.72–2.71) | 1.00 (0.58–2.12) | 1.53 (0.95–3.00) | 0.67 (0.26–2.26) | 1.42 (0.79–2.51) | 1.16 (0.64–1.73) | 1.17 (0.54–1.90) |
Cognitive symptom: ≥2 mentions§ | 1.37 (0.67–2.67) | 1.40 (0.72–2.76) | 1.18 (0.56–2.47) | 0.94 (0.54–1.87) | 0.96 (0.30–2.17) | 0.77 (0.39–1.44) | 0.72 (0.49–1.38) | 1.32 (0.76–2.67) |
Affective symptom: ≥2 mentions§ | 0.53 (0.28–1.31) | 0.60 (0.24–1.13) | 0.93 (0.33–1.66) | 0.58 (0.27–0.83)** | 0.72 (0.31–1.87) | 0.42 (0.22–0.72)* | 0.79 (0.41–1.18) | 0.92 (0.36–1.32) |
Somatic symptom: ≥2 mentions§ | 1.40 (0.63–1.78) | 1.02 (0.65–2.84) | 0.92 (0.47–2.33) | 0.65 (0.36–1.16) | 0.84 (0.39–2.40) | 1.10 (0.62–1.97) | 1.60 (1.00–2.75)** | 0.70 (0.50–1.80) |
Past suicidal ideation: yes‡ | 1.34 (0.76–1.33) | 1.07 (0.62–1.86) | 1.04 (0.57–1.90) | 0.80 (0.50–1.29) | 0.75 (0.34–1.68) | 0.88 (0.55–1.42) | 0.90 (0.60–1.36) | 0.79 (0.47–1.33) |
Past suicide attempt: yes‡ | 1.01 (0.51–2.05) | 1.49 (0.82–2.68) | 1.74 (0.95–3.19) | 1.23 (0.74–2.05) | 0.66 (0.25–1.74) | 1.57 (0.97–2.54) | 1.13 (0.72–1.77) | 1.18 (0.67–2.06) |
*P<0.05; **P<0.001.
†Reference: female.
‡Reference: no.
§Reference: 0 or 1 mention of the symptom. Individuals with 0 or 1 mention of a symptom in the 12-month period prior to the observation frame were considered to be undergoing a milder experience of the symptom compared with individuals who had 2 or more mentions of the symptom in the 12-month period.
IAPT, improving access to psychiatric treatment; SNRI, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.