Characteristics of included studies
| Study characteristic | Number | Study characteristic | Number |
| Design | Setting | ||
| RCT | 9 | General practice | 6 |
| Cluster RCT | 2 | Community health | 2 |
| Quality improvement | 1 | Supported veteran programme | 1 |
| Observational | 2 | Outpatient programme | 1 |
| Descriptive evaluation | 1 | Community home care | 6 |
| Qualitative | 1 | Federally funded health centres/Medicaid | 2 |
| Cohort | 2 | ||
| Intervention | Geographical area | ||
| Telehealth | 9 | USA | 15 |
| eHealth and telehealth | 7 | Australia | 2 |
| mHealth | 1 | Canada | 1 |
| mHealth and eHealth | 1 | ||
| Chronic condition | Vulnerability | ||
| Depression | 7 | Older age (>55 years) | 3 |
| Diabetes | 6 | Low SES | 12 |
| Multimorbidity | 5 | Homeless/supported accommodation | 1 |
| Rural/low SES/underserved communities | 2 | ||
RCT, randomised controlled trial; SES, socioeconomic status.