Characteristic | OR | 95% CI | P values |
Age | 1.093 | 1.093 to 1.094 | <0.001 |
Gender (male) | 2.105 | 2.070 to 2.140 | <0.001 |
Ethnicity | |||
White | 1.000 (reference) | ||
Asian | 0.849 | 0.810 to 0.890 | <0.001 |
Black | 0.520 | 0.486 to 0.557 | <0.001 |
Mixed | 0.731 | 0.648 to 0.825 | <0.001 |
Missing | 0.697 | 0.615 to 0.791 | <0.001 |
Other | 0.933 | 0.915 to 0.952 | <0.001 |
IMD quintile | |||
IMD quintile 5 (least deprived) | 1.000 (reference) | ||
IMD quintile 4 | 1.047 | 1.025 to 1.070 | <0.001 |
IMD quintile 3 | 1.082 | 1.057 to 1.107 | <0.001 |
IMD quintile 2 | 1.155 | 1.127 to 1.185 | <0.001 |
IMD quintile 1 (most deprived) | 1.230 | 1.199 to 1.263 | <0.001 |
IMD quintile not available | 1.034 | 0.873 to 1.225 | 0.700 |
Smoking status | |||
Never | 1.000 (reference) | ||
Active smoker | 1.565 | 1.526 to 1.605 | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 1.381 | 1.355 to 1.407 | <0.001 |
Not recorded | 1.056 | 1.005 to 1.111 | 0.032 |
Alcohol consumption | |||
Safe use | 1.000 (reference) | ||
Non-drinker | 1.189 | 1.162 to 1.216 | <0.001 |
Hazardous use | 1.217 | 1.195 to 1.241 | <0.001 |
Alcoholism | 1.594 | 1.533 to 1.657 | <0.001 |
Not recorded | 0.866 | 0.834 to 0.900 | <0.001 |
BMI category | |||
Normal | 1.000 (reference) | ||
Underweight | 1.151 | 1.082 to 1.225 | <0.001 |
Overweight | 1.136 | 1.114 to 1.159 | <0.001 |
Obese class 1 | 1.352 | 1.320 to 1.384 | <0.001 |
Obese class 2 | 1.597 | 1.544 to 1.651 | <0.001 |
Obese class 3 | 1.858 | 1.776 to 1.944 | <0.001 |
Not recorded | 0.803 | 0.769 to 0.839 | <0.001 |
Diabetes | |||
No diabetes | 1.000 (reference) | ||
Type 1 diabetes | 2.410 | 2.165 to 2.683 | <0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes | 1.609 | 1.576 to 1.642 | <0.001 |
Unknown/other diabetes type | 2.038 | 1.407 to 2.951 | <0.001 |
Other known risk factors | |||
Uncontrolled SBP (>140 mm Hg) | 0.712 | 0.700 to 0.725 | <0.001 |
Hypertension diagnosis | 1.734 | 1.704 to 1.764 | <0.001 |
CKD (stages 3–5) | 1.653 | 1.620 to 1.688 | <0.001 |
↵BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; SBP, systolic blood pressure.