Characteristics of the study participants, stratified by gender (Croatia, 2017)
| Study variables | Total sample (n=2100) | Men (n=1041) | Women (n=1059) | P values* |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Subjective sleep quality | ||||
| Very good | 687 (32.7) | 360 (34.6) | 327 (30.9) | |
| Fairly good | 1179 (56.1) | 577 (55.4) | 602 (56.8) | |
| Fairly bad | 204 (9.7) | 92 (8.8) | 112 (10.6) | |
| Very bad | 30 (1.4) | 12 (1.2) | 18 (1.7) | 0.163 |
| Sleep latency (min) | ||||
| ≤15 | 292 (13.9) | 160 (15.4) | 132 (12.5) | |
| 16–30 | 868 (41.3) | (450 (43.2) | 418 (39.5) | |
| 31–60 | 769 (36.6) | 359 (34.5) | 410 (38.7) | |
| >60 | 171 (8.1) | 72 (6.9) | 99 (9.3) | 0.010 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | ||||
| >7 | 1615 (76.9) | 824 (79.2) | 791 (74.7) | |
| 6–7 | 485 (23.1) | 217 (20.8) | 268 (25.3) | |
| 5–6 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| <5 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.017 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency (%) | ||||
| >85 | 1716 (81.7) | 861 (82.7) | 855 (80.7) | |
| 75–84 | 254 (12.1) | 114 (11.0) | 140 (13.2) | |
| 65–74 | 80 (3.8) | 39 (3.7) | 41 (3.9) | |
| <65 | 50 (2.4) | 27 (2.6) | 23 (2.2) | 0.408 |
| Sleep disturbances | ||||
| 0 | 193 (9.2) | 124 (11.9) | 69 (6.5) | |
| <1/week | 1717 (81.8) | 841 (80.8) | 876 (82.7) | |
| 1–2/week | 182 (8.7) | 72 (6.9) | 110 (10.4) | |
| ≥3/week | 8 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Use of sleep medication | ||||
| 0 | 1959 (93.3) | 962 (92.4) | 997 (94.1) | |
| <1/week | 97 (4.6) | 51 (4.9) | 46 (4.3) | |
| 1–2/week | 35 (1.7) | 23 (2.2) | 12 (1.1) | |
| ≥3/week | 9 (0.4) | 5 (0.5) | 4 (0.4) | 0.231 |
| Daytime dysfunction | ||||
| Not a problem | 549 (26.1) | 291 (28.0) | 258 (24.4) | |
| Fairly a problem | 1089 (51.9) | 535 (51.4) | 554 (52.3) | |
| Problem | 406 (19.3) | 197 (18.9) | 209 (19.7) | |
| Very big problem | 56 (2.7) | 18 (1.7) | 38 (3.6) | 0.022 |
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Good | 1310 (62.4) | 684 (65.2) | 626 (59.1) | |
| Poor | 790 (37.6) | 357 (34.8) | 433 (40.9) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sufficient | 1626 (77.4) | 890 (85.5) | 736 (69.5) | |
| Insufficient | 474 (22.6) | 151 (14.5) | 323 (30.5) | <0.001 |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Good | 1935 (92.1) | 991 (95.2) | 944 (89.1) | |
| Poor | 165 (7.9) | 50 (4.8) | 115 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Normal | 1706 (81.2) | 769 (73.9) | 937 (88.5) | |
| Overweight/obesity | 394 (18.8) | 272 (26.1) | 122 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Life satisfaction | ||||
| Good | 1951 (92.9) | 978 (93.9) | 973 (91.9) | |
| Poor | 149 (7.1) | 63 (6.1) | 86 (8.1) | 0.074 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Below average | 52 (2.5) | 29 (2.8) | 23 (2.2) | |
| Average | 1743 (83.0) | 817 (78.5) | 926 (87.4) | |
| Above average | 305 (14.5) | 195 (18.7) | 110 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| No smoker | 1479 (70.4) | 759 (72.9) | 720 (68.0) | |
| Past smoker | 115 (5.5) | 53 (5.1) | 62 (5.8) | |
| Current smoker | 506 (24.1) | 229 (22.0) | 277 (26.1) | 0.032 |
| Binge drinking | ||||
| No | 1530 (72.9) | 801 (76.9) | 729 (68.8) | |
| Yes | 570 (27.1) | 240 (23.1) | 330 (31.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic disease/s | ||||
| No | 1905 (90.7) | 943 (90.6) | 962 (92.4) | |
| Yes | 195 (9.3) | 98 (9.4) | 97 (7.6) | 0.438 |
| Psychological distress | ||||
| Low | 1878 (89.4) | 970 (93.2) | 908 (85.7) | |
| High | 222 (10.6) | 71 (6.8) | 171 (14.3) | <0.001 |
*Χ2 test.