Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted PRs and 95% CIs of starting smoking after the disaster according to demographic, disaster-related and psychosocial factors among 44 729 non-smokers before the disaster
| Model | Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model | Multivariable-adjusted model* | ||||
| PR | (95% CI) | P values | PR | (95% CI) | P values | |
| n=44 729 | ||||||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Men (vs women)† | 2.91 | 2.48 to 3.42 | <0.0001 | 3.01 | 2.55 to 3.55 | <0.0001 |
| Age group‡ | ||||||
| Ages 20–49 years | 5.17 | 4.15 to 6.43 | <0.0001 | 5.55 | 4.40 to 7.00 | <0.0001 |
| Ages 50–64 years | 1.74 | 1.35 to 2.23 | <0.0001 | 1.81 | 1.40 to 2.33 | <0.0001 |
| Ages ≥65 years (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Educational attainment Vocational college, junior college or more (vs lower education) | 0.68 | 0.57 to 0.82 | <0.0001 | 0.69 | 0.57 to 0.83 | <0.0001 |
| History of mental illness | ||||||
| Yes (vs no) | 2.03 | 1.54 to 2.67 | <0.0001 | 1.45 | 1.09 to 1.93 | 0.010 |
| Disaster-related factors | ||||||
| Living arrangement | ||||||
| Evacuation shelter | 1.53 | 0.75 to 3.13 | 0.246 | 1.36 | 0.66 to 2.78 | 0.409 |
| Temporary housing | 1.46 | 1.10 to 1.93 | 0.009 | 1.25 | 0.94 to 1.66 | 0.127 |
| Rental house or apartment | 1.38 | 1.16 to 1.64 | <0.001 | 1.33 | 1.12 to 1.58 | 0.001 |
| Relative’s home | 1.18 | 0.75 to 1.85 | 0.467 | 1.14 | 0.72 to 1.78 | 0.580 |
| Own home (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| House damage | ||||||
| Yes (vs no) | 1.64 | 1.35 to 1.99 | <0.0001 | 1.24 | 1.01 to 1.50 | 0.038 |
| Experience of disaster | ||||||
| Having experienced a tsunami yes (vs no) | 1.57 | 1.32 to 1.88 | <0.0001 | 1.29 | 1.07 to 1.55 | 0.008 |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||
| Change jobs yes (vs no) | 1.57 | 1.18 to 2.08 | 0.002 | 1.41 | 1.05 to 1.89 | 0.023 |
| Becoming unemployed yes (vs no) | 1.53 | 1.28 to 1.83 | <0.0001 | 1.19 | 0.99 to 1.43 | 0.064 |
| Decreased income yes (vs no) | 1.18 | 0.97 to 1.42 | 0.092 | |||
| Presence of traumatic symptoms (PCL-S) ≥44 (vs ≤43) | 2.38 | 2.01 to 2.83 | <0.0001 | 1.70 | 1.37 to 2.11 | <0.0001 |
| Presence of non-specific mental illness (K6) ≥13 (vs ≤12) | 2.26 | 1.88 to 2.72 | <0.0001 | 1.38 | 1.09 to 1.75 | 0.007 |
*Adjusted for age and sex, educational attainment, history of mental illness, living arrangement, house damage, having experienced a tsunami, change jobs, becoming unemployed, decreased income, the presence of traumatic symptoms and the presence of non-specific mental illness except for the variable of interest.
†Age adjusted.
‡Sex adjusted.
K6, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; PCL-S, Checklist-Stressor Specific Version; PR, prevalence ratio.