Characteristics of Born in Bradford children and mothers included in the analyses
| Comparison group n=433 | Treatment group n=368 | P values* | |
| Children | |||
| Age (months) year 1 | 60 (4.2) | 60 (4.5) | 0.119 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 229 (51.1) | 183 (49.7) | |
| Female | 219 (48.9) | 185 (50.3) | 0.693 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 125 (28.0) | 91 (24.9) | |
| Pakistani | 262 (58.7) | 232 (63.4) | |
| Other | 59 (13.3) | 43 (11.7) | 0.403 |
| Route of birth | |||
| Vaginal | 342 (77.0) | 291 (79.7) | |
| Caesarean | 102 (23.0) | 74 (20.3) | 0.355 |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 277 (12.0) | 276 (13.0) | 0.158 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3184 (550.0) | 3128 (573.0) | 0.155 |
| VA better eye | 0.113 (0.049) | 0.271 (0.138) | <0.001 |
| VA worse eye | 0.135 (0.046) | 0.428 (0.189) | <0.001 |
| SER better eye† | – | 1.19 (0.95) | – |
| SER worse eye† | – | 1.98 (1.27) | – |
| Mother | |||
| Age (years) | 27.3 (5.4) | 28.1 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Mother’s education | |||
| <A -level | 227 (64.5) | 190 (69.3) | |
| A-level or above | 125 (35.5) | 84 (31.7) | 0.201 |
| In receipt of means-tested benefits (yes) | 163 (45.0) | 144 (50.1) | 0.139 |
Values are numbers (%) or mean (SD).
VAs are measured in logMAR; therefore, higher values represent poorer VA.
*Difference between comparison and treatment groups (χ2 or t-test as appropriate).
†Cycloplegic results were available for the treatment group only.
logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; SER, spherical equivalent refraction; VA, visual acuity.