Characteristics of the community-dwelling older adults with and without CI
| CI (n=674) | Non-CI (n=1422) | P values | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 74.40±5.73 | 71.79±4.63 | <0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 457 (67.80) | 608 (42.76) | <0.0001 |
| Education >9 years, n (%) | 60 (8.90) | 368 (27.18) | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 156.30±7.83 | 161.70±8.01 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 58.93±10.51 | 64.53±10.68 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.07±3.64 | 24.66±3.59 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.63±10.04 | 88.20±9.75 | <0.001 |
| Falls within 1 year, n (%) | 99 (14.69) | 138 (9.73) | <0.01 |
| Chronic disease | |||
| Diabetes (yes), n (%) | 90 (13.35) | 199 (13.99) | 0.69 |
| Hypertension (yes), n (%) | 383 (56.99) | 762 (53.62) | 0.15 |
| Hyperlidaemia (yes), n (%) | 50 (7.42) | 164 (11.53) | <0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease (yes), n (%) | 93 (13.80) | 181 (12.73) | 0.50 |
| Health behaviours | |||
| Smoking (yes), n (%) | 88 (13.06) | 289 (20.32) | <0.0001 |
| Regular exercise (yes), n (%) | 396 (56.03) | 1115 (80.04) | <0.0001 |
| PASE | 112.93±67.60 | 144.78±67.72 | <0.0001 |
| Functional status | |||
| ADL disability (yes), n (%) | 76 (11.31) | 73 (5.76) | <0.0001 |
| IADL disability (yes), n (%) | 448 (66.47) | 294 (20.70) | <0.0001 |
| Functional fitness | |||
| 30 s chair stand (n) | 11.69±5.46 | 14.42±6.02 | <0.0001 |
| Chair sit-and-reach (cm) | −5.80±9.93 | −2.97±8.43 | <0.0001 |
| 30 s arm curl (n) | 13.66±6.93 | 18.59±9.39 | <0.0001 |
| 2 min step (n) | 64.03±37.10 | 82.37±37.53 | <0.0001 |
| Back scratch (cm) | −15.61±12.29 | −11.81±12.24 | <0.0001 |
| 8 foot up-and-go (s) | 10.37±4.58 | 8.61±4.10 | <0.0001 |
ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CI, cognitive impairment; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.