Baseline demographics by combinations of comorbidities in patients with HF
| Characteristics | HF (n=12 880) | HF+T2DM (n=7430) | HF+CKD (n=4186) | HF+T2DM+CKD (n=9964) | P values |
| Age at presentation for HF (years) (mean, SD) | 67.9 (15.8) | 68.3 (12.1) | 77.3 (12.8) | 71.5 (11.8) | <0.01 |
| Life expectancy from age at presentation for HF (years) (mean, SD) | 87.7 (3.8) | 87.3 (3.1) | 90.2 (4.0) | 88.1 (3.3) | <0.01 |
| Years of potential life lost (mean, SD) | 13.9 (10.5) | 14.2 (8.9) | 9.3 (7.6) | 13.5 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean, SD) | 2.80 (3.30) | 5.01 (3.76) | 5.59 (3.70) | 6.95 (3.61) | <0.001 |
| Gender (col %) | |||||
| Female | 43.7 | 45.5 | 48 | 50.5 | |
| Male | 56.3 | 54.5 | 52 | 49.5 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity (col %) | |||||
| Chinese | 70.6 | 62.5 | 80 | 65.8 | |
| Malay | 13.8 | 17.2 | 11.2 | 17.1 | |
| Indian | 8.2 | 15.1 | 4.6 | 12.4 | |
| Others | 7.4 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (col %) | |||||
| Non-smokers | 16.4 | 29.9 | 35.9 | 47.6 | |
| Ex-smokers | 10.9 | 13.3 | 17.8 | 18.4 | |
| Smoking | 17 | 15.4 | 13.1 | 12 | |
| Unknown | 55.7 | 41.4 | 33.2 | 22 | <0.001 |
| Previous comorbidity (col %) | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 6.6 | 9 | 19.2 | 13.3 | |
| COPD | 4.1 | 4.3 | 8.2 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 25.1 | 79 | 77.9 | 95.8 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 26 | 77.3 | 77.5 | 94.6 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 6.6 | 14.3 | 20.6 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
| Baseline medication (col %) | |||||
| ACEi | 7.5 | 27.1 | 23.4 | 33.8 | <0.001 |
| ARB | 2.6 | 9.7 | 13.8 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 13.6 | 29.8 | 41 | 46 | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 8.5 | 16.4 | 24.9 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
| Mortality (col %) | |||||
| All-cause mortality | 50.1 | 57.7 | 60.2 | 58.4 | |
| CVD-specific mortality | 21.5 | 26.4 | 23.2 | 24.3 | |
| Non-CVD-specific mortality | 28.6 | 31.3 | 37 | 34.1 | <0.001 |
ACEi, ACE inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; col %, column percentages; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.