Least square means and 95% CIs for left ventricular functional indices according to categories of alcohol consumption
| N | LS means* (95% CI) of alcohol consumption categories | P values | |||||
| Non-drinkers | ≥0.5 and ≤3 drinks per week | >3 and ≤7 drinks per week | >7 drinks per week | Linear | Quadratic | ||
| Mitral annular excursion (cm) | |||||||
| Men | 534 | 1.57 (1.51 to 1.63) | 1.57 (1.54 to 1.61) | 1.59 (1.54 to 1.64) | 1.64 (1.55 to 1.74) | 0.18 | 0.37 |
| Women | 544 | 1.57 (1.52 to 1.63) | 1.59 (1.56 to 1.63) | 1.61 (1.56 to 1.66) | 1.57 (1.47 to 1.67) | 0.98 | 0.34 |
| Global longitudinal strain (%) | |||||||
| Men | 548 | −15.9 (−16.4 to –15.3) | −16.0 (−16.2 to –15.7) | −16.0 (−16.2 to –15.5) | −16.2 (−17.1 to –15.2) | 0.70 | 0.59 |
| Women | 587 | −17.7 (−18.2 to –17.3) | −17.4 (−17.6 to –17.1) | −17.3 (−17.7 to –16.8) | −17.1 (−17.9 to –16.2) | 0.34 | 0.42 |
| Global longitudinal strain rate (s-1) | |||||||
| Men | 513 | −1.01 (−1.04 to –0.98) | −1.04 (−1.06 to –1.03) | −1.04 (−1.07 to –1.02) | −1.00 (−1.06 to –0.95) | 0.74 | 0.05 |
| Women | 548 | −1.02 (−1.05 to –0.99) | −1.02 (−1.03 to –1.00) | −1.04 (−1.06 to –1.01) | −1.04 (−1.09 to 0.99) | 0.34 | 0.89 |
| e’ (cm/s) | |||||||
| Men | 528 | 11.1 (10.4 to 11.7) | 10.6 (10.3 to 10.9) | 11.1 (10.6 to 11.7) | 11.6 (10.4 to 12.9) | 0.40 | 0.44 |
| Women | 556 | 11.6 (11.0 to 12.2) | 11.6 (11.3 to 11.9) | 12.2 (11.6 to 12.7) | 11.5 (11.4 to 13.5) | 0.10 | 0.67 |
| S’ (cm/s) | |||||||
| Men | 520 | 8.72 (8.38 to 9.05) | 8.63 (8.44 to 8.83) | 8.83 (8.54 to 9.11) | 9.07 (8.51 to 9.63) | 0.30 | 0.87 |
| Women | 556 | 8.13 (7.86 to 8.40) | 8.27 (8.10 to 8.43) | 8.20 (7.95 to 8.45) | 8.20 (7.71 to 8.69) | 0.69 | 0.85 |
| E/A ratio | |||||||
| Men | 552 | 1.41 (1.29 to 1.53) | 1.38 (1.31 to 1.45) | 1.42 (1.32 to 1.53) | 1.31 (1.11 to 1.50) | 0.48 | 0.49 |
| Women | 586 | 1.37 (1.28 to 1.46) | 1.36 (1.30 to 1.41) | 1.34 (1.36 to 1.42) | 1.31 (1.14 to 1.47) | 0.41 | 0.90 |
| E/e’ ratio | |||||||
| Men | 545 | 6.92 (6.24 to 7.59) | 7.24 (6.86 to 7.63) | 6.83 (6.26 to 7.40) | 6.81 (5.71 to 7.92) | 0.74 | 0.60 |
| Women | 580 | 6.52 (5.96 to 7.01) | 6.67 (6.33 to 7.00) | 6.27 (5.76 to 6.79) | 6.34 (5.33 to 7.34) | 0.61 | 0.99 |
| RS’ (cm/s) | |||||||
| Men | 549 | 12.9 (11.9 to 12.7) | 12.8 (12.3 to 12.8) | 13.0 (12.2 to 13.0) | 13.0 (11.8 to 13.2) | 0.76 | 0.91 |
| Women | 587 | 12.3 (12.4 to 13.4) | 12.5 (12.5 to 13.0) | 12.6 (12.6 to 13.4) | 12.5 (12.1 to 13.8) | 0.57 | 0.39 |
| TAPSE (cm) | |||||||
| Men | 570 | 2.80 (2.66 to 2.94) | 2.85 (2.78 to 2.92) | 2.94 (2.82 to 3.06) | 2.84 (2.61 to 3.08) | 0.91 | 0.31 |
| Women | 527 | 2.72 (2.62 to 2.83) | 2.81 (2.75 to 2.87) | 2.78 (2.69 to 2.88) | 2.74 (2.55 to 2.93) | 0.59 | 0.33 |
*Means are adjusted for age, marital status and education, smoking, physical activity and body mass index.
e’, peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity; RS’, peak tricuspid annular systolic velocity; S’, peak systolic mitral annular velocity; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.