| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Measurements | ||||
| Height (cm) | 165.6 (11) | 171.7 (5.6) | 159.9 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.3 (12.1) | 71.5 (9.1) | 55.0 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 (12.1) | 24.2 (2.6) | 21.5 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.7 (9.3) | 86.5 (7.1) | 76.9 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 26.6 (6.0) | 30.8 (3.7) | 20.6 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 26.9 (5.9) | 30.8 (3.6) | 20.7 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2)* | 79.9 (24.2) | 82.3 (23.6) | 76.1 (24.7) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 115.4 (15.9) | 118.0 (12.2) | 111.2 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 76.01 (11.9) | 79.0 (9.45) | 71.36 (9.56) | <0.001 |
| Blood levels | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 97 (18.6) | 100.2 (17.6) | 90.7 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.56 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 (0.17) | 0.93 (0.13) | 0.68 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.62 (0.25) | 4.64 (0.24) | 4.58 (0.25) | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.03 (33.02) | 192.5 (33.1) | 188.6 (32.8) | 0.105 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 101.2 (64.2) | 117.9 (68.8) | 74.6 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.8 (31.6) | 126.3 (31.3) | 112.6 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.3 (13.2) | 49.4 (9.5) | 59.7 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.26) | 0.285 |
*Visceral fat area is defined here as the cross-sectional area of visceral fat found in the abdomen.
Anti-HCV, anti-hepatitis C antibody; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HDL, high-density lipid; HEPA, health-enhancing physically active; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipid; SBP, systolic blood pressure.