N | None (0) | Low (<10) | Medium (10–22) | High (≥22) | Unadjusted OR* | Adjusted OR† | P value | |
Participants | 1524 | 308 | 385 | 425 | 406 | |||
Age (mean) | 1524 | 74 | 73 | 71 | 66 | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) | <0.0001 |
Gender (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Male | 651 | 168 (22) | 208 (28) | 193 (26) | 182 (24) | 0.74 (0.62 to 0.88) | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.87) | 0.001 |
Number of long-term conditions (n,(%)) | ||||||||
3 | 1217 | 246 (20) | 323 (27) | 335 (28) | 313 (26) | |||
4 or more | 307 | 62 (20) | 62 (20) | 90 (29) | 93 (30) | 1.21 (0.97 to 1.52) | 1.38 (1.09 to 1.74) | 0.007 |
Long-term conditions (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 1423 | 294 (21) | 367 (26) | 389 (27) | 373 (26) | 0.62 (0.44 to 0.91) | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.14) | 0.208 |
Stroke/Transient ischaemic attack | 517 | 127 (25) | 140 (27) | 135 (26) | 115 (22) | 0.69 (0.57 to 0.83) | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.01) | 0.059 |
Diabetes | 800 | 158 (20) | 200 (25) | 211 (26) | 231 (29) | 1.13 (0.94 to 1.35) | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.26) | 0.633 |
Chronic kidney disease | 454 | 101 (22) | 121 (27) | 115 (25) | 117 (26) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.05) | 1.10 (0.89 to 1.36) | 0.356 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma | 758 | 148 (20) | 185 (24) | 222 (29) | 203 (27) | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.29) | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.10) | 0.326 |
Epilepsy | 76 | 14 (18) | 21 (28) | 24 (32) | 17 (22) | 0.94 (0.63 to 1.41) | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.17) | 0.216 |
Atrial fibrillation | 524 | 119 (23) | 155 (30) | 142 (27) | 108 (21) | 0.68 (0.56 to 0.82) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.12) | 0.369 |
Severe mental health problems‡ | 66 | 7 (11) | 10 (15) | 17 (26) | 32 (48) | 2.61 (1.64 to 4.15) | 1.75 (1.08 to 2.82) | 0.022 |
Depression | 553 | 85 (15) | 105 (19) | 169 (31) | 194 (35) | 1.92 (1.59 to 2.32) | 1.43 (1.16 to 1.77) | 0.001 |
Dementia | 58 | 14 (24) | 10 (17) | 12 (21) | 22 (38) | 1.27 (0.78 to 2.11) | 2.26 (1.34 to 3.81) | 0.002 |
Learning disability | 14 | 2 (14) | 2 (14) | 6 (43) | 4 (29) | 1.47 (0.59 to 3.69) | 1.07 (0.36 to 3.21) | 0.907 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 102 | 15 (15) | 18 (18) | 40 (39) | 29 (28) | 1.41 (0.99 to 2.01) | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.82) | 0.202 |
Heart failure | 154 | 36 (23) | 41 (27) | 38 (25) | 39 (25) | 0.85 (0.63 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.44) | 0.340 |
Age left full-time education (n, (%))§ | ||||||||
≤16 years | 681 | 164 (24) | 172 (25) | 177 (26) | 168 (25) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.450 |
England | 1078 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.904 |
Scotland | 467 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.032 |
EuroQol five dimensions, five level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L)11 (mean) | 1520 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.16) | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.12) | <0.0001 |
Disease burden score12 (mean) | 1443 | 12.8 | 15.7 | 19.0 | 26.1 | 1.06 (1.06 to 1.08) | 1.07 (1.07 to 1.09) | <0.0001 |
Self-rated health (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Poor | 315 | 36 (11) | 42 (13) | 75 (24) | 162 (51) | |||
Fair | 674 | 112 (17) | 168 (25) | 216 (32) | 178 (26) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.50) | 0.41 (0.31 to 0.53) | <0.0001 |
Good | 422 | 111 (26) | 138 (33) | 116 (27) | 57 (14) | 0.20 (0.15 to 0.26) | 0.19 (0.14 to 0.26) | <0.0001 |
Very good | 87 | 40 (46) | 28 (32) | 16 (18) | 3 (3) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.13) | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.12) | <0.0001 |
Excellent | 5 | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | 0 | 0 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.23) | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.16) | <0.0001 |
*Ordinal logistic regression comparing no burden (0), low burden (<10), medium burden (10–22) and high burden (≥22).
†Ordinal logistic regression comparing no burden (0), low burden (<10), medium burden (10–22) and high burden (≥22), adjusted for age, gender, number of comorbidities, age left full-time education and individual deprivation score.
‡Including schizophrenia and psychotic illness.
§Individual Index of Multiple Deprivation score, 2010, for England, and Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation score, 2010, for Scotland, for both a higher score correlates with greater deprivation.
Statistically significant associations are shown in bold