Multivariable analysis of risk factors for rapid progression (≥5 mL/min/year)
| N | Rapid | Per cent | aOR* | 95% CI | P values | |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| White (reference) | 2446 | 82 | 3 | 1.00 | – | |
| South Asian | 2729 | 133 | 5 | 1.28 | (0.96 to 1.71) | 0.098 |
| Indian | 822 | 29 | 4 | 0.92 | (0.60 to 1.44) | 0.753 |
| Pakistani | 414 | 15 | 4 | 0.95 | (0.55, to 1.71) | 0.905 |
| Bangladeshi | 1242 | 80 | 6 | 1.70 | (1.23 to 2.38) | 0.001 |
| Black | 1093 | 74 | 7 | 1.93 | (1.39 to 2.70) | <0.001 |
| African | 356 | 33 | 9 | 2.53 | (1.64 to 3.93) | <0.001 |
| Caribbean | 737 | 41 | 6 | 1.63 | (1.10 to 2.40) | 0.016 |
| Age at baseline | ||||||
| 25–54 | 723 | 50 | 7 | 1.96 | (1.34 to 2.85) | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 1405 | 67 | 5 | 1.38 | (0.99 to 1.92) | 0.057 |
| 65–74 (reference) | 2497 | 95 | 4 | 1.00 | – | |
| 75–85 | 1643 | 77 | 5 | 1.30 | (0.95 to 1.79) | 0.103 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female (reference) | 3459 | 135 | 4 | 1.00 | – | |
| Male | 2809 | 154 | 5 | 1.26 | (0.98 to 1.61) | 0.072 |
| Baseline SBP | ||||||
| <130 mm Hg (reference) | 2841 | 108 | 4 | 1.00 | – | |
| ≥130 mm Hg | 3427 | 181 | 5 | 1.52 | (1.18 to 1.96) | 0.001 |
| Baseline proteinuria | ||||||
| No (reference) | 5180 | 204 | 4 | 1.00 | – | |
| Yes | 1088 | 85 | 8 | 1.74 | (1.32 to 2.30) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes | ||||||
| 0–4 years (reference) | 2299 | 67 | 3 | 1.00 | – | |
| 5–9 years | 1531 | 75 | 5 | 1.64 | (1.17 to 2.32) | 0.005 |
| 10–19 years | 1820 | 105 | 6 | 1.89 | (1.36 to 2.61) | <0.001 |
| 20+ years | 618 | 42 | 7 | 1.99 | (1.30 to 3.04) | 0.002 |
| Baseline eGFR | 1.00 | (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.829 | |||
| ACE/ARB at baseline | ||||||
| No (reference) | 1176 | 50 | 4 | 1.00 | – | |
| Yes | 5092 | 239 | 5 | 0.89 | (0.64 to 1.25) | 0.513 |
| CVD at baseline | ||||||
| No (reference) | 3957 | 153 | 4 | 1.00 | – | |
| Yes | 2311 | 136 | 6 | 1.45 | (1.13 to 1.87) | 0.004 |
*All variables are mutually adjusted for one another.
aOR, adjusted OR; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure.