Independent associations of multiple neighbourhood environmental attributes with depressive symptoms
| Variables | Any versus no depressive symptoms (n=909) | Number of non-zero depressive symptoms (n=335) | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P values | e b (95% CI) | P values | |
| Environmental attribute main effects | ||||
| Connectivity (EA) | 1.036 (1.011 to 1.061)** | 0.004 | 0.999 (0.990 to 1.008) | 0.799 |
| Composite destination index† | 1.013 (0.966 to 1.061) | 0.594 | – | – |
| Public transport density – 800 m buffer (GIS) | – | – | 1.006 (1.000 to 1.013) | 0.067 |
| Prevalence of public transport stops (EA) | 1.054 (1.002 to 1.109)* | 0.043 | – | – |
| Presence of people (EA) | 1.003 (0.992 to 1.015) | 0.559 | – | – |
| Interacting effects of living arrangement with environmental attribute‡ | ||||
| Connectivity (EA) | ||||
| 0.05 level: ≥41.2 points | – | – | 1.223 (1.001 to 1.494)* | 0.050 |
| 0.01 level: ≥45.2 points | – | – | 1.308 (1.066 to 1.604)** | 0.010 |
| Composite destination index† | ||||
| 0.001 level: ≤−4.0 points | 6.604 (2.152 to 20.265)*** | 0.001 | – | – |
| 0.01 level: ≤0.3 points | 4.643 (1.449 to 14.875)** | 0.010 | – | – |
| 0.05 level: ≤3.6 points | 3.542 (1.011 to 12.411)* | 0.050 | – | – |
| Public transport density – 800 m buffer (GIS) | ||||
| 0.05 level: ≥9.2 transit points/km2 | – | – | 0.532 (0.284 to 1.000)* | 0.050 |
| 0.01 level: ≥22.5 transit points/km2 | – | – | 0.434 (0.230 to 0.819)** | 0.010 |
| Presence of people (EA): | ||||
| 0.01 level: ≤56.0 points | 1.739 (1.142 to 2.647)** | 0.010 | – | – |
| 0.05 level: ≤65.2 points | 1.474 (1.001 to 2.170)* | 0.050 | – | – |
Notes: only significant (P<0.05) interaction terms between living arrangement and specific neighbourhood environmental attributes were included in the regression models.
*P<0.05.
**P<0.01.
***P<0.001.
† The sum of z-scores of single destination-related variables that interacted with living arrangement in the single-environmental variable models, including civic and institutional density – 800 m buffer (GIS), retail density – 800 m buffer (GIS), food-related destination density – 800 m buffer (GIS), prevalence of eating outlets (EA), public transport density – 800 m buffer (GIS) and prevalence of health clinics/service (EA).
‡OR or e b estimates were calculated at region-of-significance threshold values of environmental attribute; living with others as reference group. e b is interpreted as the proportional increase (if >1) or decrease (if <1) in depressive symptoms associated with a 1-unit increase in the environmental attribute. All estimates adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, household with car, marital status, housing type, area-level socioeconomic status, type of recruitment centre and number of current diagnosed health problems. The interacting effects of living arrangement with pollution, crowdedness and the main-effect of pedestrian infrastructure (significant in the single environmental variable models) were removed from the full model because they were not statistically significant at a 0.05 probability level.
–, not included in regression model because the specific main and/or interaction effect was not statistically significant; EA, environmental audits; e b , antilogarithm of regression coefficient; GIS, Geographic Information Systems.