Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnoses in the 19Up study
| Total prevalence % (95% CI) | Prevalence males % (95% CI) | Prevalence females % (95% CI) | P values males versus females | Prevalence NU2 % (95% CI) | Prevalence NU3 % (95% CI) | P values NU2 versus NU3 | |
| Affective disorders | |||||||
| MDD | 17.5% (16.1 to 19.0) | 13.8% (11.9 to 15.9) | 20.3% (18.3 to 22.3) | 1.06E-05 | 15.2% (12.6 to 18.2) | 18.3% (16.6 to 20.0) | 0.078 |
| Social anxiety | 17.5% (16.1 to 19.0) | 13.2% (11.3 to 15.3) | 20.7% (18.8 to 22.8) | 3.2E-07 | 16.2% (13.6 to 19.3) | 17.9% (16.3 to 19.7) | 0.35 |
| Panic disorder (with agoraphobia) | 0.9% (0.57 to 1.3) | 0.3% (0.1 to 0.8) | 1.3% (0.8 to 2.0) | 5.9E-3*† | 1.1% (0.5 to 2.3) | 0.8% (0.5 to 1.3) | 0.72 |
| Panic disorder (without agoraphobia) | 1.5% (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.9% (0.4 to 1.6) | 2.0% (1.4 to 2.8) | 0.023† | 1.7% (0.9 to 3.0) | 1.5% (1.0 to 2.1) | 0.88 |
| Panic attack | 14.3% (13.0 to 15.7) | 9.2% (7.6 to 11.0) | 18.1% (16.3 to 20.1) | 4.5E-11 | 15.6% (13.0 to 18.7) | 13.9% (12.5 to 15.5) | 0.29 |
| Manic episode | 0.5% (0.3 to 0.9) | 0.7% (0.3 to 1.4) | 0.4% (0.2 to 0.9) | 0.39 | 0.6% (0.2 to 1.6) | 0.5% (0.2 to 0.9) | 0.93* |
| Substance use | |||||||
| Lifetime use of any drug‡ | 57.8% (56.0 to 59.7) | 63.2% (60.4 to 66.0) | 53.9% (51.4 to 56.4) | 1.0E-06 | 62.3% (58.4 to 65.9) | 56.5% (54.3 to 58.6) | 9.4E-3† |
| Cannabis abuse | 11.6% (10.5 to 12.9 | 17.0% (14.9 to 19.3) | 7.7% (6.44 to 9.11) | 5.6E-14 | 15.3% (12.7 to 18.4) | 10.4% (9.2 to 11.8) | 7.5E-4 |
| Cannabis dependence | 6.8% (5.9 to 7.8) | 9.8% (8.2 to 11.7) | 4.6% (3.7 to 5.8) | 1.1E-07 | 10.7% (8.5 to 13.3) | 5.6% (4.7 to 6.7) | 8.9E-06 |
| Alcohol abuse | 33.8% (32.1 to 35.6) | 40.2% (37.4 to 43.1) | 29.2% (27.0 to 31.5) | 2.1E-09 | 36.7% (33.0 to 40.5) | 32.9% (30.9 to 35) | 0.081 |
| Alcohol dependence | 28.0% (26.3 to 29.7) | 35.4% (32.7 to 38.2) | 22.6% (20.6 to 24.7) | 1.66E-13 | 32.8% (29.2 to 36.5) | 26.5% (24.6 to 28.4) | 0.0019 |
| Core diagnostic criteria | |||||||
| Depression | 25.8% (24.2 to 27.5) | 20.3% (18.1 to 22.8) | 29.8% (27.6 to 32.1) | 2.7E-08 | 25.1% (21.9 to 28.6) | 26% (24.2 to 27.9) | 0.68 |
| Hypomania | 6.3% (5.5 to 7.3) | 6.3% (5.0 to 7.8) | 6.4% (5.3 to 7.7) | 0.97 | 5.7% (4.1 to 7.8) | 6.5% (5.5 to 7.7) | 0.52 |
| Mania | 2.0% (1.5 to 2.6) | 2.1% (1.4 to 3.1) | 2.0% (1.4 to 2.8) | 1 | 1.1% (0.5 to 2.3) | 2.3% (1.7 to 3.1) | 0.06 |
| N | 2773 | 1170 | 1603 | 665 | 2151 | ||
Significant P values after multiple testing correction are highlighted in bold. Analyses performed using a χ2 test (1 degree of freedom) unless stated. Cells report prevalence % (95% CI).
*Fisher’s exact test used.
†Would not survive multiple testing correction of 0.05/22=0.0022.
‡Illicit drug or non-medical use of prescription drug. Participants are asked specifically about cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, inhalants, sedatives or sleeping pills, hallucinogens, opioids, party drugs (ecstasy, ketamine, GHB), over-the-counter/prescription pain killers and analgesics for non-medical purposes, over-the-counter/prescription stimulants for non-medical purposes, or other.
19Up, Nineteen and Up study; MDD, major depressive disorder.