Marginal prevalence estimates for the influence of component and deployment-related experience variables on the mental health problems after full model adjustment for covariates
| Prevalence estimates (% (95% CI)) | ||||||||||
| Any mental disorder* | Any anxiety disorder† | AUD‡ | Suicide ideation | MDE | GAD | PTSD | PD | Alcohol abuse | Alcohol dependence | |
| Component | ||||||||||
| RegF | 18.8 (17.6 to 20.0) | 12.8 (11.7 to 13.8) | 3.4 (2.8 to 4.0) | 4.6 (3.9 to 5.3) | 9.1 (8.2 to 10.1) | 5.6 (4.9 to 6.3) | 7.7 (6.9 to 8.5) | 5.0 (4.3 to 5.7) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) |
| ResF | 16.6 (14.9 to 18.4) | 10.0 (8.6 to 11.4) | 4.6 (3.5 to 5.6) | 5.5 (4.3 to 6.6) | 7.7 (6.5 to 9.0) | 4.0 (3.1 to 4.9) | 6.3 (5.1 to 7.5) | 3.6 (2.8 to 4.5) | 3.1 (2.1 to 4.1) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.2) |
| MPD | −2.2§ (−4.4 to 0.0) | −2.8¶ (−4.6 to −1.0) | 1.1§ (−0.2 to 2.4) | 0.9 (−0.5 to 2.2) | −1.4§ (−3.1 to 0.2) | −1.6¶ (−2.8 to −0.4) | −1.4§ (−3.0 to 0.1) | −1.3¶ (−2.5 to −0.2) | 1.1§ (0.0 to 2.3) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) |
| DEX-1 | ||||||||||
| No | 16.8 (14.2 to 19.3) | 9.8 (7.7 to 12.0) | 3.1 (1.9 to 4.3) | 3.4 (2.2 to 4.5) | 7.8 (5.9 to 9.7) | 4.5 (3.0 to 6.1) | 5.8 (3.9 to 7.6) | 2.5 (1.3 to 3.7) | 1.6 (0.8 to 2.3) | 1.7 (0.7 to 2.7) |
| Yes | 19.0 (17.7 to 20.3) | 13.0 (11.9 to 14.1) | 3.7 (3.1 to 4.3) | 5.2 (4.4 to 6.0) | 9.3 (8.3 to 10.3) | 5.6 (4.8 to 6.4) | 7.9 (7.0 to 8.7) | 5.3 (4.6 to 6.1) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) |
| MPD | 2.3 (−0.7 to 5.3) | 3.2¶ (0.7 to 5.8) | 0.6 (−0.8 to 2.0) | 1.8¶ (0.3 to 3.4) | 1.5 (−0.8 to 3.8) | 1.1 (−0.8 to 3.0) | 2.1§ (0.0 to 4.2) | 2.8¶ (1.3 to 4.3) | 0.6 (−0.3 to 1.5) | −0.2 (−1.3 to 0.9) |
| DEX-2 | ||||||||||
| No | 16.5 (15.1 to 17.9) | 10.1 (8.9 to 11.3) | 3.3 (2.7 to 4.0) | 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) | 7.9 (6.8 to 8.9) | 4.8 (3.9 to 5.6) | 5.5 (4.5 to 6.5) | 4.6 (3.6 to 5.6) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4) | 1.4 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| Yes | 21.8 (19.7 to 23.9) | 15.6 (13.7 to 17.4) | 4.0 (3.1 to 4.9) | 6.4 (5.0 to 7.9) | 10.6 (9.0 to 12.2) | 6.3 (5.1 to 7.5) | 9.9 (8.4 to 11.3) | 5.0 (4.0 to 6.0) | 2.3 (1.6 to 2.9) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| MPD | 5.3¶ (2.5 to 8.0) | 5.4¶ (3.0 to 7.8) | 0.7 (−0.5 to 1.8) | 2.7¶ (1.0 to 4.4) | 2.8¶ (0.7 to 4.8) | 1.5§ (−0.1 to 3.1) | 4.4¶ (2.5 to 6.3) | 0.4 (−1.2 to 1.9) | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.0) |
| DEX-3 | ||||||||||
| No | 16.2 (15.0 to 17.4) | 10.4 (9.3 to 11.4) | 3.2 (2.6 to 3.8) | 4.2 (3.5 to 4.9)% | 8.2 (7.3 to 9.2) | 4.5 (3.7 to 5.2) | 5.8 (4.9 to 6.6) | 4.1 (3.4 to 4.8) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.3) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) |
| Yes | 23.9 (21.6 to 26.2) | 16.4 (14.4 to 18.3) | 4.6 (3.5 to 5.7) | 5.7 (4.5 to 7.0) | 10.5 (8.8 to 12.1) | 7.3 (5.8 to 8.7) | 10.4 (8.9 to 12.0) | 5.9 (4.7 to 7.1) | 2.6 (1.7 to 3.4) | 2.1 (1.4 to 2.8) |
| MPD | 7.7¶ (5.0 to 10.4) | 6.0¶ (3.7 to 8.3) | 1.5¶ (0.2 to 2.7) | 1.5¶ (0.0 to 3.0) | 2.2¶ (0.3 to 4.1) | 2.8¶ (1.1 to 4.5) | 4.6¶ (2.8 to 6.5) | 1.8¶ (0.4 to 3.3) | 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.7) | 0.8§ (0.0 to 1.7) |
| DEX-4 | ||||||||||
| No | 16.5 (15.0 to 18.1) | 11.1 (9.7 to 12.5) | 3.7 (2.8 to 4.5) | 5.1 (4.1 to 6.0) | 7.7 (6.6 to 8.8) | 5.3 (4.3 to 6.4) | 6.5 (5.3 to 7.7) | 3.8 (2.8 to 4.8) | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| Yes | 20.5 (18.7 to 22.4) | 13.5 (12.0 to 14.9) | 3.6 (2.8 to 4.3) | 4.4 (3.5 to 5.2) | 10.2 (8.8 to 11.6) | 5.5 (4.5 to 6.4) | 8.2 (7.2 to 9.2) | 5.5 (4.5 to 6.6) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.8) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) |
| MPD | 4.0¶ (1.3 to 6.6) | 2.4¶ (0.1 to 4.6) | −0.1 (−1.4 to 1.1) | −0.7 (−2.1 to 0.7) | 2.5¶ (0.6 to 4.4) | 0.1 (−1.4 to 1.7) | 1.7¶ (0.0 to 3.4) | 1.7¶ (0.1 to 3.4) | 0.1 (−0.9 to 1.1) | −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.6) |
| DEX-5 | ||||||||||
| No | 17.5 (15.1 to 20.0) | 11.6 (9.4 to 13.8) | 2.6 (1.6 to 3.6) | 5.2 (3.6 to 6.8) | 10.3 (8.2 to 12.5) | 5.5 (3.8 to 7.1) | 9.0 (6.8 to 11.2) | 4.9 (3.2 to 6.6) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.5 to 2.1) |
| Yes | 18.8 (17.5 to 20.2) | 12.6 (11.5 to 13.7) | 3.9 (3.2 to 4.6) | 4.6 (3.8 to 5.3) | 8.5 (7.6 to 9.5) | 5.4 (4.6 to 6.2) | 7.2 (6.4 to 8.0) | 4.8 (4.1 to 5.5) | 2.3 (1.8 to 2.9) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) |
| MPD | 1.3 (−1.7 to 4.3) | 1.0 (−1.6 to 3.6) | 1.3§ (0.0 to 2.6) | −0.6 (−2.6 to 1.3) | −1.8 (−4.3 to 0.7) | −0.1 (−2.0 to 1.9) | −1.8 (−4.2 to 0.7) | −0.1 (−2.1 to 1.9) | 1.0¶ (0.0 to 1.9) | 0.3 (−0.6 to 1.2) |
| DEX-6 | ||||||||||
| No | 17.5 (16.4 to 18.6) | 11.4 (10.5 to 12.4) | 3.4 (2.9 to 3.9) | 4.3 (3.7 to 4.9) | 8.2 (7.4 to 9.0) | 5.0 (4.3 to 5.6) | 6.5 (5.8 to 7.2) | 4.4 (3.8 to 5.1) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.7) |
| Yes | 28.7 (24.2 to 33.2) | 20.5 (16.7 to 24.2) | 5.6 (3.4 to 7.9) | 9.4 (6.3 to 12.5) | 15.8 (12.2 to 19.4) | 9.1 (6.5 to 11.7) | 15.7 (12.5 to 19.0) | 7.5 (5.2 to 9.9) | 3.0 (1.3 to 4.6) | 2.6 (1.1 to 4.0) |
| MPD | 11.2¶ (6.6 to 15.9) | 9.0¶ (5.1 to 12.9) | 2.2§ (−0.1 to 4.6) | 5.2¶ (2.0 to 8.4) | 7.6¶ (3.9 to 11.3) | 4.1¶ (1.4 to 6.8) | 9.3¶ (5.9 to 12.6) | 3.1¶ (0.6 to 5.5) | 1.0 (−0.8 to 2.7) | 1.2 (−0.4 to 2.7) |
| DEX-7 | ||||||||||
| No | 17.4 (16.1 to 18.7) | 11.3 (10.2 to 12.4) | 3.8 (3.1 to 4.5) | 5.0 (4.2 to 5.8) | 8.2 (7.2 to 9.1) | 4.8 (4.1 to 5.6) | 6.7 (5.8 to 7.7) | 4.2 (3.5 to 5.0) | 2.4 (1.8 to 2.9) | 1.4 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| Yes | 20.9 (18.6 to 23.1) | 14.3 (12.4 to 16.1) | 3.3 (2.4 to 4.3) | 4.2 (3.2 to 5.2) | 10.6 (8.9 to 12.2) | 6.4 (5.1 to 7.8) | 8.7 (7.3 to 10.0) | 5.6 (4.4 to 6.8) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.3) | 1.7 (1.0 to 2.5) |
| MPD | 3.5¶ (0.7 to 6.2) | 3.0¶ (0.7 to 5.3) | −0.4 (−1.7 to 0.8) | −0.8 (−2.2 to 0.5) | 2.4¶ (0.3 to 4.5) | 1.6§ (−0.1 to 3.3) | 2.0¶ (0.2 to 3.7) | 1.3§ (−0.2 to 2.9) | −0.7§ (−1.6 to 0.1) | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3) |
| DEX-8 | ||||||||||
| No | 16.7 (15.2 to 18.1) | 10.9 (9.7 to 12.2) | 3.3 (2.5 to 4.0) | 4.7 (3.8 to 5.6) | 7.3 (6.3 to 8.3) | 4.5 (3.6 to 5.3) | 6.1 (5.1 to 7.1) | 4.0 (3.2 to 4.8) | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) |
| Yes | 20.9 (19.0 to 22.8) | 14.0 (12.5 to 15.5) | 4.0 (3.1 to 4.9) | 4.7 (3.8 to 5.7) | 11.2 (9.7 to 12.7) | 6.6 (5.4 to 7.7) | 8.9 (7.8 to 10.1) | 5.6 (4.6 to 6.6) | 2.2 (1.5 to 2.8) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.4) |
| MPD | 4.2¶ (1.7 to 6.7) | 3.1¶ (1.0 to 5.2) | 0.7 (−0.5 to 2.0) | 0.1 (−1.3 to 1.5) | 3.9¶ (1.9 to 5.8) | 2.1¶ (0.6 to 3.6) | 2.9¶ (1.2 to 4.5) | 1.6¶ (0.2 to 2.9) | 0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) | 0.6 (−0.4 to 1.5) |
| LTE—combat experience | ||||||||||
| No | 18.6 (16.2 to 21.1) | 10.7 (8.6 to 12.9) | 2.8 (1.8 to 3.8) | 4.5 (3.2 to 5.7) | 11.0 (8.9 to 13.1) | 4.6 (3.1 to 6.1) | 5.2 (3.5 to 6.9) | 3.0 (1.7 to 4.3) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.3) | 1.2 (0.5 to 2.0) |
| Yes | 18.4 (17.1 to 19.8) | 12.9 (11.8 to 14.0) | 3.9 (3.2 to 4.5) | 4.8 (4.0 to 5.6) | 8.3 (7.4 to 9.2) | 5.7 (4.8 to 6.5) | 8.1 (7.2 to 9.0) | 5.3 (4.5 to 6.1) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) |
| MPD | −0.2 (−3.2 to 2.8) | 2.2 (−0.5 to 4.8) | 1.1§ (−0.2 to 2.3) | 0.3 (−1.3 to 1.9) | −2.7¶ (−5.1 to −0.2) | 1.1 (−0.8 to 2.9) | 2.9¶ (0.8 to 5.0) | 2.3¶ (0.7 to 3.9) | 0.6 (−0.3 to 1.4) | 0.4 (−0.5 to 1.3) |
| LTE—relief worker in a war zone | ||||||||||
| No | 16.9 (15.1 to 18.6) | 10.8 (9.2 to 12.4) | 3.2 (2.4 to 3.9) | 4.2 (3.2 to 5.2) | 8.4 (7.0 to 9.7) | 4.5 (3.5 to 5.6) | 5.9 (4.7 to 7.0) | 4.9 (3.7 to 6.1) | 2.2 (1.5 to 2.9) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) |
| Yes | 19.6 (18.1 to 21.1) | 13.3 (12.0 to 14.5) | 4.0 (3.2 to 4.8) | 5.0 (4.2 to 5.9) | 9.3 (8.2 to 10.4) | 5.9 (5.0 to 6.8) | 8.4 (7.4 to 9.4) | 4.8 (4.0 to 5.6) | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.7) |
| MPD | 2.7¶ (0.2 to 5.2) | 2.5¶ (0.3 to 4.6) | 0.8 (−0.3 to 2.0) | 0.9 (−0.5 to 2.2) | 1.0 (−0.9 to 2.8) | 1.4§ (−0.1 to 2.9) | 2.5¶ (0.9 to 4.2) | −0.1 (−1.6 to 1.4) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.7) | 1.1¶ (0.3 to 1.8) |
| LTE—saw atrocities | ||||||||||
| No | 18.2 (16.8 to 19.5) | 11.7 (10.5 to 12.8) | 3.6 (2.9 to 4.2) | 4.8 (4.0 to 5.6) | 8.8 (7.8 to 9.9) | 5.1 (4.3 to 5.9) | 7.1 (6.1 to 8.0) | 4.1 (3.4 to 4.9) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.3) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.2) |
| Yes | 19.2 (17.1 to 21.4) | 13.6 (11.9 to 15.4) | 3.7 (2.6 to 4.7) | 4.5 (3.3 to 5.6) | 9.2 (7.7 to 10.7) | 6.0 (4.8 to 7.2) | 8.2 (6.8 to 9.5) | 5.9 (4.7 to 7.1) | 2.6 (1.6 to 3.5) | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) |
| MPD | 1.1 (−1.6 to 3.8) | 2.0§ (−0.3 to 4.2) | 0.1 (−1.2 to 1.4) | −0.3 (−1.8 to 1.1) | 0.3 (−1.6 to 2.2) | 0.9 (−0.7 to 2.5) | 1.1 (−0.7 to 2.8) | 1.7¶ (0.2 to 3.3) | 0.7 (−0.4 to 1.8) | −0.5 (−1.3 to 0.3) |
*Any of the following: MDE, GAD, PD, PTSD, alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.
†Any of the following: generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder.
‡AUD includes either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.
§Significant at 0.05<P≤0.10.
¶Significant at P≤0.05.
AUD, alcohol use disorder; DEX, deployment-related experience; DEX-1, ‘ever known someone who was seriously injured or killed’; DEX-2, ‘ever found yourself in a threatening situation where you were unable to respond because of the rules of engagement’; DEX-3, ‘ever been injured’; DEX-4, ‘ever seen ill or injured women or children who you were unable to help’; DEX-5, ‘ever received incoming artillery, rocket or mortar fire’; DEX-6, ‘ever felt responsible for the death of a Canadian or ally personnel’; DEX-7, ‘ever had a close call, for example shot or hit but protective gear saved you’; DEX-8, ‘ever had difficulty distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants’; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; LTE, lifetime potentially traumatic experience; MDE, major depressive episode; MPD, marginal prevalence difference; PD, panic disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; RegF, Regular Force personnel; ResF, Reserve Force personnel.