Maternal characteristics
| Early intervention, N=24 | Controls, N=23 | Declined, N=20 | Combined, N=67 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| European | 5 (21) | 3 (13) | 3 (15) | 11 (16) |
| Māori | 0 | 2 (9) | 3 (15) | 5 (7) |
| Pacific | 4 (17) | 3 (13) | 5 (25) | 12 (18) |
| Asian | 14 (58) | 13 (57) | 7 (35) | 34 (51) |
| Other | 1 (4) | 2 (9) | 2 (10) | 5 (7) |
| Maternal age at EDD, median (IQR) | 30.5 (28.0–34.5) | 32.0 (29.5–36.0) | 33.0 (30.0–37.2) | |
| BMI at baseline, median (IQR) | 29.6 (24.1–35.6) | 30.3 (27.1–38.4) | 32.5 (24.0–40.8) | |
| HbA1c at booking, median (range) | 42 (41–45) | 42 (41–45) | 43 (41–46) | |
| Hb at booking <110 g/L, n (%) | 3 (13) | 1 (4) | 4/14 (29) | |
| Ferritin at booking <20 μg/L, n (%) | 3/22 (14) | 5/21 (24) | 5/11 (45) | |
| Parity, median (range) | 1 (0 to 5) | 1 (0 to 4) | 1.5 (0 to 5) | |
| Pregnancy loss <20 weeks’ gestation, n (%) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | |
| Lost to follow-up, n (%) | 0 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) |
BMI, body mass index; EDD, expected date of delivery; Hb, haemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.