FSWs | NSWs | N | AOR | 95% CI | |||
n | % | n | % | ||||
Socio-demographic characteristic | |||||||
Age-group (years) | |||||||
19–29 | 36 | 20.7 | 950 | 37.2 | 986 | 1 | – |
30–39 | 74 | 42.5 | 710 | 27.8 | 784 | 2.75 | 1.83 to 4.14 |
40–49 | 46 | 26.4 | 527 | (20.6) | 573 | 2.3 | 1.47 to 3.61 |
50–58 | 18 | 10.3 | 368 | 14.4 | 386 | 1.29 | 0.72 to 2.30 |
Marital status | |||||||
Never married | 8 | 4.6 | 68 | 2.7 | 76 | 3.18 | 1.46 to 6.92 |
Married | 87 | 50.0 | 1912 | 74.8 | 1999 | 1 | – |
Divorced or separated | 41 | 23.6 | 225 | 8.8 | 266 | 3.76 | 2.52 to 5.62 |
Widowed | 37 | 21.3 | 350 | 13.7 | 387 | 2.25 | 1.47 to 3.45 |
Church denomination | |||||||
Christian | 89 | 51.1 | 1385 | 54.2 | 1474 | 1 | – |
Spiritual | 53 | 30.5 | 882 | 34.5 | 935 | 0.91 | 0.64 to 1.30 |
Other | 22 | 12.6 | 253 | 9.9 | 275 | 1.35 | 0.83 to 2.21 |
None | 10 | 5.7 | 33 | 1.3 | 43 | 4.47 | 2.10 to 9.52 |
Socioeconomic status | |||||||
First (poorest) tercile | 121 | 69.5 | 1635 | 64.0 | 1756 | 1 | – |
Second tercile | 42 | 24.1 | 572 | 22.4 | 614 | 0.97 | 0.67 to 1.40 |
Third tercile | 7 | 4.0 | 263 | 10.3 | 270 | 0.37 | 0.17 to 0.80 |
Residential area | |||||||
Town | 64 | 36.8 | 597 | 23.4 | 661 | 1 | – |
Agricultural estate | 40 | 23.0 | 610 | 23.9 | 650 | 0.59 | 0.39 to 0.89 |
Roadside settlement | 45 | 25.9 | 702 | 27.5 | 747 | 0.59 | 0.40 to 0.89 |
Subsistence farming village | 25 | 14.4 | 646 | 25.3 | 671 | 0.36 | 0.22 to 0.58 |
Education | |||||||
Primary or none | 74 | 42.5 | 944 | 36.9 | 1018 | 1 | – |
Secondary or higher | 100 | 57.5 | 1611 | 63.1 | 1711 | 0.78 | 0.54 to 1.11 |
Children alive | |||||||
None | 44 | 25.3 | 365 | 14.3 | 409 | 1 | – |
1 | 45 | 25.9 | 750 | 29.4 | 795 | 0.54 | 0.34 to 0.83 |
2 | 43 | 24.7 | 701 | 27.4 | 744 | 0.46 | 0.29 to 0.72 |
3 | 20 | 11.5 | 436 | 17.1 | 456 | 0.27 | 0.15 to 0.47 |
4 | 22 | 12.6 | 303 | 11.9 | 325 | 0.39 | 0.22 to 0.67 |
Intermediate determinants | |||||||
HIV testing | |||||||
HIV result | |||||||
Positive | 91 | 52.3 | 505 | 19.8 | 596 | 4.00 | 2.90 to 5.50 |
Negative | 82 | 47.1 | 2048 | 80.2 | 2130 | 1 | – |
Knowledge about HIV risks | |||||||
Good | 158 | 90.8 | 2167 | 84.8 | 2325 | 1.63 | 0.96 to 2.76 |
Poor | 16 | 9.2 | 388 | 15.2 | 404 | 1 | – |
Knowing persons living with or who PLHIV/died from HIV | |||||||
0 | 14 | 8.0 | 506 | 19.8 | 520 | 1 | – |
1–2 | 22 | 12.6 | 455 | 17.8 | 477 | 1.69 | 0.85 to 3.36 |
3–4 | 29 | 16.7 | 449 | 17.6 | 478 | 2.13 | 1.11 to 4.09 |
5–6 | 33 | 19.0 | 458 | 17.9 | 491 | 2.43 | 1.28 to 4.61 |
7 | 76 | 43.7 | 687 | 26.9 | 763 | 3.56 | 1.98 to 6.38 |
Risk perception for HIV infection | |||||||
Own high-risk behaviour | 39 | 22.4 | 41 | 1.6 | 80 | 18.82 | 11.49 to 30.81 |
Partner(s)’ high-risk behaviour | 18 | 10.3 | 166 | 6.5 | 184 | 2.18 | 1.28 to 3.73 |
Other reasons | 21 | 12.1 | 138 | 5.4 | 159 | 3.39 | 2.05 to 5.63 |
None | 96 | 55.2 | 2210 | 86.5 | 2306 | 1.00 | – |
STD symptoms in last 12 months | |||||||
Yes | 29 | 16.7 | 215 | 8.4 | 244 | 2.05 | 1.34 to 3.13 |
No | 145 | 83.3 | 2340 | 91.6 | 2485 | 1 | – |
Sickness in last 12 months | |||||||
HIV-related illness | 23 | 13.2 | 92 | 3.6 | 115 | 4.09 | 2.41 to 6.93 |
Other illness | 81 | 46.6 | 1125 | 44.0 | 1206 | 1.37 | 0.98 to 1.91 |
None | 69 | 39.7 | 1335 | 52.3 | 1404 | 1 | – |
Psychological distress | |||||||
Yes | 43 | 24.7 | 298 | 11.7 | 341 | 1.31 | 1.60 to 3.34 |
No | 131 | 75.3 | 2257 | 88.3 | 2388 | 1 | – |
Pregnancies in last 3 years | |||||||
One or more | 49 | 28.2 | 1077 | 42.2 | 1126 | 0.59 | 0.40 to 0.87 |
None | 125 | 71.8 | 1478 | 57.8 | 1603 | 2 | – |
Stigma and discrimination (affecting testing) | |||||||
Yes | 2 | 1.1 | 26 | 1.0 | 28 | 0.05 | 0.25 to 4.49 |
No | 172 | 98.9 | 2529 | 99.0 | 2701 | 1 | – |
Travel time to HIV testing facility | |||||||
<30 min | 61 | 35.1 | 390 | 15.3 | 451 | 1 | – |
30–59 min | 39 | 22.4 | 585 | 22.9 | 624 | 0.42 | 0.27 to 0.64 |
60–89 min | 23 | 13.2 | 587 | 23.0 | 610 | 0.24 | 0.15 to 0.40 |
90 min | 48 | 27.6 | 849 | 33.2 | 897 | 0.35 | 0.23 to 0.52 |
Uncertain | 3 | 1.7 | 144 | 5.6 | 147 | – | – |
ART | |||||||
Knowledge of ART | |||||||
Yes | 126 | 72.4 | 1341 | 52.5 | 1467 | 1.35 | 1.67 to 3.31 |
No | 48 | 27.6 | 1203 | 47.1 | 1251 | 1 | – |
Stigma and discrimination (in the community) | |||||||
Yes | 43 | 24.7 | 462 | 18.1 | 505 | 0.46 | 1.01 to 2.08 |
No | 131 | 75.3 | 2090 | 81.8 | 2221 | 1 | – |
Peer influence | |||||||
Relative(s) on ART | 41 | 23.6 | 469 | 18.4 | 510 | 2.14 | 1.41 to 3.24 |
Friend(s) on ART | 55 | 31.6 | 333 | 13.0 | 388 | 3.98 | 2.69 to 5.89 |
None | 58 | 33.3 | 1496 | 58.6 | 1554 | 1 | – |
Travel time to ART service * | |||||||
<30 min | 34 | 19.5 | 172 | 6.7 | 206 | 1 | – |
30–59 min | 17 | 9.8 | 261 | 10.2 | 278 | 0.31 | 0.17 to 0.57 |
60–89 min | 17 | 9.8 | 224 | 8.8 | 241 | 0.38 | 0.20 to 0.70 |
90 min | 33 | 19.0 | 341 | 13.3 | 374 | 0.46 | 0.28 to 0.78 |
Uncertain | 73 | 42.0 | 1557 | 60.9 | 1630 | – | – |
*Includes women not aware of HIV testing and ART services to prevent exclusion of these participants from the multivariable analysis. ORs were not interpreted for this group as they are not comparable with the reference category.
AOR, adjusted OR; ART, antiretroviral treatment; FSWs, female sex workers; NSWs, non-sex workers; STD, sexually transmitted diseases.