Table 4
Results for primary and secondary outcomes (data reported as standardised effect size unless otherwise noted)
| Variable | ES (n) | Participants (n) | 
(95% CI) | Q (P) | I 2(95% CI) | τ2 |
| Primary outcome | ||||||
| Anxiety | 16 | 883 | −0.40 (−0.65 to 0.15)* | 40.3 (<0.001)** | 62.8 (36.2 to 78.3) | 0.14 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Physical function | 12 | 677 | 0.66 (0.34 to 0.97)* | 36.0 (0.0002)** | 69.4 (44.5 to 83.1) | 0.19 |
| Pain | 15 | 803 | −0.62 (−1.12 to 0.11)* | 128.6 (<0.001)** | 89.1 (83.7 to 92.7) | 0.75 |
| QOL | 13 | 730 | 0.63 (0.35 to 0.91)* | 32.4 (0.001)** | 63.0 (32.7 to 79.7) | 0.15 |
| Depression | 15 | 813 | −0.38 (−0.67 to 0.10)* | 46.3 (<0.001)** | 69.7 (48.6 to 82.2) | 0.20 |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 7 | 346 | 2.01 (0.85 to 3.2)* | 20.2 (0.003)** | 70.3 (35.0 to 86.4) | 1.40 |
| Muscular strength | 6 | 261 | 0.59 (0.33 to 0.85)* | 3.9 (0.6) | 0 (0 to 67.1) | 0 |
*Statistically significant (two-tailed alpha value ≤0.05 and non-overlapping 95% CI).
**Statistically significant (alpha value ≤0.10).
, mean effect size; ES, effect size; Q (P), Cochran Q statistic and alpha value for Q; QOL, quality of life; VO2max, maximum oxygen consumption.
