Safety factors (scale 1–5) | Items | Constant | Difference for intervention group vs control | Overall change T1 to T2 (preintervention survey to postintervention survey T2) | Overall change T1 to T3 (preintervention survey T1 to postintervention survey T3) | Intervention group effect for group × survey (pre-T1/post-T2) interaction | Intervention group effect for group × survey (pre-T1/post-T3) interaction | ||||||
β0 | 95% CI | β1 | 95% CI | β2 | 95% CI | β3 | 95% CI | β4 | 95% CI | β5 | 95% CI | ||
Handoff and transitions | 4 | 3.40 | 3.29 to 3.51 | −0.43 | −0.76 to 0.04*** | −0.19 | −0.32 to −0.05** | −0.26 | 0.40 to −0.12** | 0.25 | 0.01 to 0.49* | 0.28 | 0.02 to 0.53* |
Organisational learning - continuous improvement | 3 | 3.59 | 3.46 to 3.71 | −0.45 | −0.69 to −0.21*** | −0.18 | −0.34 to –0.25* | −0.45 | −0.65 to −0.25*** | 0.29 | −0.00 to 0.58* | 0.41 | 0.06 to 0.76* |
Teamwork within units | 4 | 4.10 | 3.99 to 4.21 | −0.12 | −0.29 to 0.05 | −0.20 | −0.31 to –0.09** | −0.26 | −0.39 to −0.14*** | ||||
Supervisor expectations | 4 | 4.05 | 3.95 to 4.16 | −0.11 | −0 to 23 to 0.00* | −1.01 | −1.13 to −0.88*** | −0.31 | −0.46 to −0.17*** | ||||
Management support for patient safety | 3 | 2.86 | 2.72 to 3.00 | −0.23 | −0.46 to 0.16 | 0.01 | −0.15 to 0.12 | −0.31 | −0.48 to −0.14*** | ||||
Overall perceptions of patient safety | 4 | 3.57 | 3.45 to 3.69 | −0.53 | −0.75 to 0.30*** | −0.20 | −0.35 to −0.05** | −0.53 | −0.71 to −0.36*** | 0.30 | 0.03 to 0.57* | 0.50 | 0.19 to 0.80** |
Feedback and communication about error | 3 | 3.27 | 3.14 to 3.40 | −0.08 | −0.30 to 0.14 | −0.05 | −0.18 to 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.26 to 0.09 | ||||
Communication openness | 3 | 3.76 | 3.66 to 3.86 | −0.26 | −0.43 to 0.09** | 0.09 | −0.04 to 0.22 | −0.02 | −0.17 to 0.13 | ||||
Frequency of events reported | 3 | 2.63 | 2.50 to 2.76 | 0.04 | −0.15 to 0.24 | 0.07 | −0.07 to 0.22 | 0.06 | −0.10 to 0.23 | ||||
Teamwork across units | 4 | 3.17 | 3.07 to 3.26 | 0.00 | −0.16 to 0.16 | −0.14 | −0.24 to −0.03** | −0.16 | −0.26 to −0.06** | ||||
Staffing | 4 | 3.41 | 3.29 to 3.53 | −0.49 | −0.72 to 0.26*** | −0.25 | −0.37 to −0.14*** | −0.67 | −0.84 to −0.50*** | 0.27 | 0.07 to 0.48* | 0.49 | 0.19 to 0.79** |
Non-punitive response to errors | 3 | 4.16 | 4.05 to 4.27 | −0.50 | −0.72 to −0.28*** | −0.09 | −0.22 to 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.18 to 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.00 to 0.49* | 0.13 | −0.15 to 0.40 |
Patient safety grade | 1 | 3.50 | 3.38 to 3.63 | −0.22 | −0.42 to −0.03* | −0.18 | −0.33 to −0.04* | −0.46 | −0.63 to −0.30*** | ||||
Number of events reported | 1 | 2.11 | 1.92 to 2.29 | −0.02 | −0.32 to 0.27 | 0.11 | −0.08 to 0.30 | 0.57 | 0.32 to 0.83*** |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.