Intake of probiotics in relation to maternal characteristics in 70 149 pregnancies
| Non consumers | Consumers* | P value† | Mean intake of probiotics among probiotic consumers‡ | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | cups/day (SD) | P value§ | ||
| All ¶ | 29 770 | 17 493 | 1.50 (1.1) | ||
| Maternal age | |||||
| <19 y | 368 (1.2) | 93 (0.5) | <0.001 | 2.25 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| 20–24 y | 3445 (11.6) | 1530 (8.7) | 1.66 (1.4) | ||
| 25–29 y | 10 603 (35.6) | 6056 (34.6) | 1.54 (1.2) | ||
| 30–34 y | 11 013 (37.0) | 6730 (38.5) | 1.50 (1.1) | ||
| 35–39 y | 3900 (13.1) | 2711 (15.5) | 1.49 (1.0) | ||
| >40 y | 441 (1.5) | 373 (2.1) | 1.53 (1.2) | ||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 15 588 (52.4) | 10 713 (61.2) | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.1) | 0.20 |
| 1 | 9231 (31.0) | 4458 (25.5) | 1.53 (1.3) | ||
| 2 | 4042 (13.6) | 1893 (10.8) | 1.53 (1.0) | ||
| ≥3 | 888 (3.0) | 417 (2.4) | 1.59 (1.1) | ||
| Missing data | 21 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 1.67 (1.6) | ||
| Previous spontaneous abortion > 12 – 21 (+ 6 d) wks | |||||
| No history | 24 270 (81.5) | 14 033 (80.2) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.2) | 0.96 |
| Yes history | 702 (2.4) | 386 (2.2) | 1.52 (1.0) | ||
| Missing data | 4798 (16.1) | 3074 (17.6) | 1.53 (1.1) | ||
| History of preterm delivery | |||||
| No history | 13 179 (44.3) | 6286 (35.9) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.3) | 0.21 |
| Nulliparous | 15 586 (52.4) | 10 712 (61.2) | 1.53 (1.1) | ||
| Yes history | 1005 (3.4) | 495 (2.8) | 1.47 (0.8) | ||
| BMI before pregnancy | |||||
| <18.5 kg/m² | 866 (2.9) | 535 (3.1) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.1) | 0.30 |
| ≥18.5 to<25 kg/m² | 18 694 (62.8) | 12 233 (69.9) | 1.52 (1.1) | ||
| ≥25 to<30 kg/m² | 6515 (21.9) | 3227 (18.4) | 1.56 (1.1) | ||
| ≥30 to<35 kg/m² | 2135 (7.2) | 843 (4.8) | 1.54 (1.1) | ||
| ≥35 kg/m² | 832 (2.8) | 257 (1.5) | 1.64 (1.6) | ||
| Missing data | 728 (2.4) | 398 (2.3) | 1.50 (1.0) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 28 650 (96.2) | 16 873 (96.5) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Not married/cohabiting | 1120 (3.8) | 620 (3.5) | 1.75 (1.2) | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 26 753 (89.9) | 16 214 (92.7) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2686 (9.0) | 1027 (5.9) | 1.73 (1.4) | ||
| Missing data | 331 (1.1) | 252 (1.4) | 1.61 (1.0) | ||
| Alcohol intake during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 24 907 (83.7) | 13 965 (79.8) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.2) | 0.92 |
| Yes | 2694 (9.0) | 2031 (11.6) | 1.47 (0.9) | ||
| Missing data | 2169 (7.3) | 21 497 (8.6) | 1.65 (1.2) | ||
| Educational level | |||||
| ≤12 y | 9263 (31.1) | 4089 (23.4) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| 13–16 y | 12 806 (43.0) | 7407 (42.3) | 1.50 (1.0) | ||
| ≥17 y | 7117 (23.9) | 5629 (32.2) | 1.43 (0.9) | ||
| Missing data | 584 (2.0) | 368 (2.1) | 1.59 (1.7) | ||
| Annual income for participant and partner | |||||
| Both have incomes<NOK 300 000 | 8892 (29.9) | 4181 (23.9) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| One has income≥NOK 300 000 | 12 248 (41.1) | 6870 (39.3) | 1.52 (1.1) | ||
| Both have incomes≥NOK 300 000 | 7855 (26.4) | 5993 (34.3) | 1.46 (1.0) | ||
| Missing data | 775 (2.6) | 449 (2.6) | 1.57 (1.0) | ||
| Dietary supplements | |||||
| Yes, without vitamin D | 1795 (6.0) | 1301 (7.4) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.1) | 0.10 |
| Yes, with vitamin D | 2782 (9.3) | 2249 (12.9) | 1.52 (1.1) | ||
| No | 25 193 (84.6) | 13 943 (79.7) | 1.53 (1.1) | ||
| Non probiotic milk intake | |||||
| Yes | 23 585 (79.2) | 13 660 (78.1) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.1) | 0.04 |
| No | 6158 (20.7) | 2229 (12.7) | 1.55 (1.1) | ||
| Missing data | 27 (0.1) | 1604 (9.2) | 1.57 (1.3) | ||
| Non probiotic yoghurt intake | |||||
| Yes | 7507 (25.2) | 5794 (33.1) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 22 159 (74.4) | 6916 (39.5) | 1.51 (1.1) | ||
| Missing data | 104 (0.3) | 4783 (27.3) | 1.47 (1.1) | ||
*Consumer is defined as a woman with consumption at any time point (before, during early and/or late pregnancy).
†Pearson’s χ2 asymptotic 2-sided test of intake frequencies in groups.
‡Probiotic intake during early pregnancy.
§Kruskal-Wallis test.
¶Missing data regarding probiotic consumption n(%): 22 886 (32.6)
NOK, Norwegian Krone.