Table 2

Results of multilevel logistic regression illustrating adjusted trends and associations of positive perceptions of healthcare provision among European Union citizens between 2009 and 2013

Variable	OR	P value	95% CI
Year
2009*
2010	0.98	0.510	0.94 to 1.03
2011	0.79	<0.001	0.75 to 0.84
2012	0.85	<0.001	0.80 to 0.90
2013	0.85	<0.001	0.80 to 0.90
Gender
Male*
Female	0.89	<0.001	0.87 to 0.92
Age
75 years and older*
65–74 years	0.82	<0.001	0.77 to 0.88
55–64 years	0.75	<0.001	0.70 to 0.80
45–54 years	0.75	<0.001	0.70 to 0.80
35–44 years	0.77	<0.001	0.71 to 0.82
25–34 years	0.80	<0.001	0.74 to 0.86
15–24 years	0.90	0.010	0.83 to 0.98
Marital status
Single*
Married or living with a partner	0.93	0.001	0.89 to 0.97
Separated/divorced/widowed	0.97	0.266	0.92 to 1.02
Area of residence
Rural area or village*
Small/middle town	1.03	0.069	1.00 to 1.07
Large town	1.01	0.552	0.97 to 1.05
Employment status
Unemployed*
Not working	0.98	0.551	0.93 to 1.04
Employed	0.91	0.001	0.87 to 0.96
Society level
Low*
Middle	1.12	<0.001	1.08 to 1.16
High	1.27	<0.001	1.21 to 1.32
Difficulty paying bills
Almost never*
Sometimes or most of the time	0.81	<0.001	0.79 to 0.84
Education
15 years and below or no full-time education*
16–19 years	0.97	0.098	0.93 to 1.01
20–22 years	1.02	0.494	0.97 to 1.08
23 years and older	1.03	0.219	0.98 to 1.09
Life satisfaction
Not at all satisfied*
Not very satisfied	1.63	<0.001	1.52 to 1.75
Fairly satisfied	3.56	<0.001	3.33 to 3.82
Very satisfied	5.65	<0.001	5.23 to 6.10
GDP per capita	1.08	<0.001	1.07 to 1.09
Total expenditure on health as per cent of GDP	1.17	<0.001	1.11 to 1.24
Government expenditure on health as per cent of total expenditure on health	1.02	0.684	0.91 to 1.15

ORs and 95% CI rounded to two decimal places; OR for GDP per capita refers to a $1000 increase; OR for government expenditure on health as per cent of total expenditure on health refers to a 10% increase; OR for total expenditure on health as per cent of GDP refers to a 1% increase.
↵*Reference category.
GDP, gross domestic product.